TAKS

1. TAKS SCIENCE REVIEW

2. Biology Objective 2 Organization of Living Systems

3. Chemistry connection; Elements Found in Living Things

4. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE • Specific size and shape • Metabolism - activities of the cells that provide for an organism's growth, maintenance and repair • Movement- Some organisms have obvious movement from muscular contraction (e.g. swim, fly, run). Some move by beating of cilia or flagella, or oozing like an amoeba. Others like corals and oysters do not move from place to place. • Irritability - response to a stimulus (e.g. light or chemicals such as food) • Growth- increase in cellular mass, and/or increase in number of cells • Reproduction - formation of another organism. Since viruses cannot reproduce on their own without being inside a host cell, they are not regarded as living organisms. • Adaptation - ability to adapt to an environment, by either seeking a more suitable environment, or by undergoing modifications to be better fitted to its present surroundings

6. Living things are . . . Organized into cells.Grow and develop Respond to the environment. Use energy Reproduce

7. Cells are organized into. . . Tissues are made of cells Organs are made (not ) from layers of tissue Organ systems are organs Organ systems that work that work together together make an organism

8. Reasons for Classification • To show relationships between groups • To provide a scientific name that is accepted and communicated by scientists from different countries • To identify organisms accurately (e.g. poisonous organisms)

9. Binomial ClassificationScientific names • two-part names in Latin • first part- Genus (capitalized) • second part- species (never capitalized) • Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names. Your scientific name is- Homo sapiens

10. Taxonomy-how to classify life Species

11. 12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the — F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus

12. F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Genus is always a capital letter, species is lower case. Most closely related would be in the same genus, Rana. ANSWER? H Related in biological terms means family, genus, species.

13. The taxonomy divisions from largest to smallest are: Kingdoms (5) Phylum Class Order Family Genus species 49 Which of these classifications is most specific? B- Genus A Family B Genus C Phylum D Order

14. Kingdoms Animal Fungi Plant Protista Archebacteria eubacteria

15. 5 Kingdoms Plantae Animalia Archeabacteria Eubacteria Fungi Protista

16. Classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Mnemonic for Remembering the Classification within a Kingdom • King Paul Cries Out For Good Soup

17. Animal Kingdom *multicellular*have nuclei*do move *heterotrophic *examples - sponge, jellyfish, insect, fish, frog, bird, man

18. Animal Kingdom Two divisions Vertebrates- with backbones Reptiles, mammals, fish, birds… *people, whales, bears, dogs, cats, frogs, parrots, monkeys etc… Invertebrates – no backbones Insects, crustacean … *jellyfish, snails, sea urchins, lobster, ants, cockroaches, etc…

19. Vertibrates are divided into Warm Blooded They generate internal heat People Dogs Cats Birds Etc… Cold Blooded Do not generate internal heat (they sit in the sun to warm up) Reptiles Snakes, lizards Fish Amphibians Etc…

20. Plant Kingdom *multicellular*have nuclei*do not move *autotrophic*examples - multicellular algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plants (dandelions, roses, etc.), trees, etc

21. Plant Systems • There are 3 main plant systems: • Reproductive – the flower structure • Transport – the shoot and roots and their xylem and phloem • Energy – the leaf and other areas of Photosynthesis.

22. Leaf Tissue – What happens where?

23. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Plus Water Produces Glucose And Oxygen

24. Plants do photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

25. Kingdom Fungi *multicellular or single cell*have nuclei*mainly do not move from place to place*heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus) *Made of Chitin Feed on dead things – rotting logs etc*examples - mushroom, mold, puffball, shelf/bracket fungus, yeast, etc.

26. Kingdom Protista 1 cell*have a true nucleus - eukaryote*some move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia); others don't*some are autotrophic; others are heterotrophic *examples - amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium, some algae (unicellular), etc

27. Kingdom Monerans *1 cell*no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)*some move (flagellum); others don't*some make their own food (autotrophic); others can't make their own food (heterotrophic)*examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria

28. Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are very simple cells they contain a membrane (sometimes a cell wall), cytoplasm and a strand of DNA. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a membrane bound nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes. The word "prokaryote" means "before the nucleus"

29. Bacteria Cscope no longer uses Moneria We know classify into two groups 1 Archeobacteria and Eubacteria Archeo is ancient bacteria – can live in extreme enviroments 2 Eubacteria is new bacteria Outer coat is made of different compositions

30. F growth G defense H digestion J respiration Kingdom Bacteria has beneficial and harmful members The best answer here is H, since digestion systems of mammals contain bacteria. Bacteria found in the respiratory system usually result in illness, which would trigger the defenses, not help them. 8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with —

31. Cells The building blocks of life

32. Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells are more advanced cells. • These cells are found in plants, animals, and protists • The eukaryotic cell is composed of 4 main parts: • cell membrane - outer boundary of the cell • cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid interior of the cell • nucleus - the "control center" of the cell, contains the cell's DNA (chromosomes) • organelles - "little organs" that carry out cell functions

33. Animal Cell

34. Cell Part Function

35. Plant Cells *These are only in plant cells, not animal cells or bacteria Chloroplasts –organelle responsible for photosynthesis Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support Large vacuoles to store extra water

36. Plant Cell Pant cells contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a very large vacuole, (animal cells do not have these organelles) Why do plants need large vacuoles? • ANSWER: This is where food and water are stored.

37. 52 Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have experienced a dry period will — F be softer G grow at a faster rate H be thinner J photosynthesize at a faster rate These would indicate more water, not less

38. Transporting into Cells - Diffusion Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O • Passive movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is diffusion. • The diffusion of water is called osmosis.

39. What is Active Transport? Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

40. 34 When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg? F Coagulation G Sodium pump H Active transport J Osmosis Means to clump together – Incorrect Sodium is not being moved – Incorrect The egg would not use energy to do this since it kills the cell. This is the movement of water from an area of high concentration (the fresh water) to low concentration (inside the Salt Water Urchin Egg)

41. Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O • Occurs in mitochondria of all living things

42. Cell Reproduction The Cell Cycleis the life cycle of a cell It has two parts. interphase and reproduction Mitosisis nuclear division plus cell division, and produces two identical daughter cells – Diploid – double strand DNA Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced. Meiosis involves a reduction in the amount of genetic material. It creates genetic diversity. It Produces 4 non-identical cells – Haploid -½ DNA Interphaseis the process of growing and functioning.

43. the chromosomes start to gradually shorten and thicken. chromosome have divided into 2 chromatids, joined at the centromere. They begin to move towards the equator of the cell. the centromeres attach to threads of a spindle then pull apart from one another and move towards opposite ends of the cell. new nuclear membrane begins to form ll into 2 new cells Two new cells Mitosis 1 3 2 4

44. 26 If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis? • F 11 • G 19 • H 38 • J 76 H Mitosis is the normal division of any body cell, so the chromosomes replicate exactly and then separate into two identical cells. So the answer is

45. DNA

46. Genetics – How traits are inherited • Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics, he experimented with pea plants. • Dominant traits always are visible, and are represented by capital letters. • Recessive traits are hidden unless both alleles are the recessive one -lower case – tt or rr • At least one pair of alleles determines the trait in genetic inheritance. Homozygous both are the same – TT or RR Heterosygous they are different – Tt or Rr

47. Phenotype is what you see Phenotype refers to what is visible – the dominant trait or the recessive trait. • How do you know the phenotype? • LOOK!! • Color of hair or eyes, height- etc

48. Genotype –actual combination of alleles (genes) Only 3 possibilities; BB = Homozygous Dominant Bb = Heterozygous bb = Homozygous recessive You must look at inheritance patterns to find out.

49. Punnett Squares d d D Dd Dd d dd dd D d D DD Dd d Dd dd Heterzygous & Heterozygous Heterzygous & Homozygous Recessive • D d • D DD Dd • D DD Dd D D d Dd Dd d Dd Dd Homozygous Dominant & Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive & Homozygous Dominant

50. Genetic Code • All of the information to make a new organism is contained in the chromosomes of the cell. • Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid. • Chromosomes contain genes each of which codes for a single protein. • There are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome.