Unit 2—Chapters 6 – 8

1. Unit 2—Chapters 6 – 8 A New Nation CSS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.3, 11.10

2. French-Indian War different because starts in North America map changed (French defeated) Ft. Necessity, 1754 French built a fort at Duquesne before the British could Washington led 159 men into the Ohio River area killed 40 French soldiers in skirmish Ft. Necessity built in anticipation of French retaliation surrendered after 10-hour siege Braddock’s March, 1755 Braddock marched on Ft. Duchesne his defeat left area open to bloody frontier war Albany Plan, 1754 British success hinged on alliance with Iroquois 9 colonies met at Albany Franklin proposed a colonial-wide govt. to oversee defense and trade colonists liked it but King did not William Pitt (Prime Minister) focused on taking cities rather than frontier fighting paid all expenses for American militia French-Indian War (1754-1763)

3. Death of General Wolfe, 1770 – Benjamin West Braddock’s Defeat 1,460 British regulars and militia --456 were killed and 421 wounded --63 of 86 offices were killed/wounded 250 French and Canadians --8 killed, 4 wounded 637 Indian allies --15 killed, 12 wounded

4. Proclamation Line of 1763 colonists not allowed west of Appalachians meant to protect Indians from American settlers (Chief Pontiac) colonists paranoid Sugar Act, 1764 George Grenville (PM) tried to raise revenue to pay national debt taxes lowered after colonists protested Quartering Act, 1765 required colonists to house and feed British troops colonists paranoid Declaratory Act, 1766 Parliament has authority over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” Stamp Act, 1765 tax on all official documents less than today’s sales tax already existed in Britain for years “no taxation w/o representation” Stamp Tax Congress, 1765 first colony-wide meeting 9 colonies met to stop tax (mostly NE) wrote letter to king nonimportation agreement external vs. internal argument Stamp Act repealed even before it began—colonists saw it as victory British Response virtual representation every member of Parliament represents every citizen admiralty courts military courts no trial by jury End of Salutory Neglect

5. King George III Parliament Colonial Assemblies King George III Parliament Colonial Assemblies

6. Townsend Acts, 1767 Townsend (PM) tried to raise a small tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea colonists decided that Parliament had no right to tax colonies Boston Massacre, 1770 colonists harassed troops in Boston (rocks thrown, shots fired) 11 killed or wounded – Crispus Attucks John Adams defended them and only 2 soldiers found guilty all future officials to be tried in London Sam Adams created “Massacre Day” Committees of Correspondence, 1772 formed by Samuel Adams local spy rings made to share info and keep people angry at British militia begin drilling to fight tyranny Gaspee Affair, 1772 British vessel boarded then burned in RI no one would testify so no one got caught Boston Tea Party, 1773 British East Indies faced bankruptcy need colonists to buy million of tons of tea cheaper than smuggled tea Adams refused to let tea out of harbor but king ordered it unloaded (it sat for days) Boston patriots disguised as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor Quebec Act, 1774 granted religious freedom to Catholic Canadians added Ohio to Canada colonists saw it as punishment Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party

8. Intolerable Acts, 1773 passed to punish Boston for tea party Boston Port Act—closed harbor until the £90,000 tea paid for other colonies sent aid in sympathy led to 1st Continental Congress 1st Continental Congress, 1774 12 colonies met in Philadelphia wrote “Declaration of Rights” organized total boycott nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption agreed to meet in May of 1775 Lexington and Concord, 1775 in April 1775, British troops tried to confiscate a store of munitions (and Hancock and Adams) Minutemen refuse to disperse at Lexington 8 Americans killed 200 British wounded, 70 killed Second Continental Congress, 1775 in May 1775, all 13 colonies met to follow up from 1774 under Hancock became acting government until 1781 tried to reconcile with George III with the Olive Branch Petition Britain hired 30,000 Hessian mercenaries to send to America Common Sense, 1776 Paine’s pamphlet for the common man sold 120,000 copies called the king a tyrant and called for separation set the stage for independence Declaration of Independence, 1776 Richard Henry Lee (VA) called for independence Jefferson addressed it to the king and hoped to find some allies Continental Congresses

10. Declaration of Independence, 1817 – John Trumbull The state of a king shuts him from the world, yet the business of a king requires him to know it thoroughly; wherefore the different parts, unnaturally opposing and destroying each other, prove the whole character to be absurd and useless. --Thomas Paine

11. British Strengths population—7.5 million British treasury greatest military on planet greatest navy 50,000 regulars in army (avg. 10 yrs. exp.) 50,000 loyalists in colonies Indian allies British Weaknesses Irish discontent kept troops in Britain British sympathy (Burke) poor leadership (did not respect American militia) Howe, Burgoyne, Cornwallis Armed Neutrality, 1780 long supply lines American Strengths Population—2.5 million great leaders (Washington, Franklin) European aid (France, Spain, Netherlands) defensive war – just had to fight until British quit short supply line no urban center moral advantage American Weaknesses little unity weak government weak economy little industry unreliable army Advantages/Disadvantages

12. Bunker Hill, 1775 costly British victory made the British more cautious Invasion of Canada, 1776 took Montreal but failed to get Canada to join the colonies Trenton, 1776 winter win over Hessians much needed colonial victory Saratoga, 1777 Burgoyne surrendered to militia kept British from dividing colonies along Hudson Franco-American Alliance France entered the war in 1778 Spain and the Netherlands entered as France’s allies Yorktown, 1781 Cornwallis surrendered to French and American troops John Paul Jones attacked British merchant ships beat the Serapis with the Bonhomme Richard 300 of 375 Americans died George Rogers Clark led 175 Virginian volunteers to attack British posts along the Ohio River in KY and IL Joseph Brandt Mohawk chief who led four Iroquois tribes loyal to British during the war Treaty of Paris, 1783 France, America, and Britain all wanted to stop fighting Spain wanted to keep going (Gibraltar) British gave the US all territories west to the Great Lakes the US agreed to treat the loyalists well The War

13. “I have not yet begun to fight!” • US Casualties • 6,824 killed • 8,445 wounded • 18,500 non-combat deaths • Smallpox epidemic—130,000 • Washington had troops inoculated

14. Articles of Confederation Richard Henry Lee proposed it 2nd Continental Congress wrote it in 1777 all 13 colonies required to ratify 12 did by 1779 Ratification Maryland ratified in 1781 insisted other seven states give up their land west of Appalachians could be used to unfairly pay state debts Annapolis Convention, 1786 in 1785, VA and MD met about their border five states met at Annapolis, MD to discuss weakness of Articles recommended all the states meet to revise the Articles twelve states met at Philadelphia in 1787 (Constitutional Convention) What the Articles could do: borrow money declare war sign treaties 2/3 vote to pass laws 9 states (each state got one vote) 13 votes to make amendments create new states What it could NOT do: tax the states raise an army no president no judicial branch (just state courts) settle interstate conflict A Firm League of Friendship1781-1789

15. State Authority National Authority Shared Authority

16. Problems with Freedom Britain armed the Indians on the North Spain controlled New Orleans France wanted its loans repaid pirates in North Africa attacked shipping too weak to fight & too poor to bribe State Conventions, 1776 states asked to rewrite their constitutions in 1780 MA called for special convention for ratification changes in the constitution could only happen at another convention capitals moved inland in many states – NH, NY, VA, SC, GA Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom written by Jefferson stopped public tax money going to any church separation of church and state Treaty of Stanwyx, 1784 Iroquois forced to cede all territories in the Ohio River Valley Land Ordinance, 1785 divided western territory in 6-mile plots land sold to pay national debt one part set aside for education Northwest Ordinance, 1787 est. process for forming new states population = 60,000 constitution submitted to Congress no slaves new states equal to original ones Shays’ Rebellion, 1787 Capt. Daniel Shays led revolt of veteran-farmers in MA against banks burned courthouses and threatened banks national government unable to deal with it Life, Liberty, Happiness1776-1789

18. Constitutional Convention after five days they agreed to replace the Articles (10 walked out) met from May-Sept. 1787 Washington-President Virginia Plan James Madison (VA, PA, MA) three branches of govt. bicameral legislature with # of delegates by population Congress to choose President and judiciary New Jersey Plan William Patterson (NJ, DE, MD, NY) unicameral legislature one vote per state Great Compromise Roger Sherman (CT) House—population Senate—two per state 3/5 Compromise slaves counted 3/5 got more seats in House had to pay higher share of taxes Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Congress could NOT tax exports not allowed to touch the slave trade for 20 years Ratification 39 at convention signed it (3 refused) Constitution taken back to the states for approval needed 9 of 13 states to approve it Federalists (Pro-Constitution) efficient national government Hamilton, Madison, Washington, Franklin Federalist Papers Anti-Federalists (Anti-Constitution) keep Articles, wanted Bill of Rights Henry, Adams, Hancock Constitutional Convention, 1787

20. Federalism power shared between the national and state governments Supremacy Clause national law superior to state law laws must obey Constitution Elastic Clause Congress has right to pass all laws “necessary and proper” for its duties Checks and Balances Executive Branch (President) enforces law leads military makes appointments Legislative Branch (Congress) makes laws can change Constitution controls money can impeach President Judicial Branch (Supreme Court) interprets law can throw out bad law Bill of Rights Anti-Federalists proposed over 200 amendments to restrict the central government Congress proposed 12 submitted by Madison in 1789 states ratified 10 of them in 1791 Formal Amendment Process Proposal -- 2/3 vote in Congress or national convention Ratification -- 3/4 of state legislatures or 3/4 of state conventions Original Ten Amendments religion, press, and speech bear arms no quartering troops no search and seizure self-incrimination public trial and attorney jury cruel/ unusual punishment rights of people rights of states The Constitution

21. Reserved Powers Delegated Powers Concurrent Powers

22. First Presidency the new Congress met in NYC in March 1789 Washington elected unanimously by electoral college John Adams—Vice President second most electoral votes Judiciary Act, 1789 six justices in Supreme Court (there are nine today) thirteen district courts and three circuit courts attorney general Eleventh Amendment, 1795 Supreme Court ruled in Chisholm v. Georgia that residents of one state could sue another this amendment reversed the court’s decision First Cabinet advisors appointed by Washington not mentioned in Constitution Thomas Jefferson—Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox—Secretary of War Edmund Randolph—Attorney General John Jay—Supreme Court Chief Justice Washington’s Administration1789-1793 81

23. 1. “funding at par” the national debt—$54 million continentals had fallen to 10-15 cents per dollar Hamilton promised to buy them at face value speculators bought up all the paper currency 2. “assumption” the states’ debts—$21.5 million Southern states had already paid off their debts Virginia got the capital in D.C. 3. Bank of United States, 1791 Hamilton wanted a powerful bank to help his financial plan Jefferson against it led to the formation of political parties Raising Revenues tariffs/custom duties protect young American businesses from foreign competition excise taxes (on production) 7¢ per gallon on whiskey government bonds sales of national government lands Hamilton’s Plan, 1790

24. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 many uprisings over taxes largest in PA over whiskey tax Washington led 13,000 federal troops to stop it 3 killed, 2 pardoned Neutrality Proclamation, 1793 despite 1778 Franco-American alliance Washington wanted to avoid war in Europe French Revolution in 1789 led to Napoleonic Wars in Europe Washington called for Americans to avoid taking sides Jay’s Treaty, 1794 British agreed to hand over forts and pay damages British were impressing sailors and arming Indians Jay kissed Queen’s hand—seen as betrayal of American and France Farewell Address, 1796 Washington warned against entangling foreign alliances political parties Washington = presidency two-term tradition held until 1930s still ranked in top three presidents Washington’s Administration1793-1797 135 135

25. XYZ Affair, 1797 Americans sent to talk to French minister asked to pay $250,000 bribe and give France a loan offended Americans led by John Marshall go home unofficial war began between U.S. and France Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 critics of Adams faced imprisonment many Republicans sent to jail naturalization changed from 5 to 14 years Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 VP Jefferson anonymously criticized Adams Compact Theory = states formed Union have right to question national laws states may void “bad” federal legislation = nullification Convention of 1800 Napoleon and Adams met to end the Franco-American alliance cost Adams his political career ended last foreign alliance until WWI Adams Administration1797-1801 141

26. The Electoral College 1796 Electoral College • each State has as many electors (voters) as senators and representatives H + S = E • each elector gets two votes one for the President and one for the Vice President • the elector is technically not bound to vote for the candidate the people of his/her state chose • in many elections, electors have gone maverick • the winner must get more than half the votes • the second most votes becomes VP • changed in 12th Amendment Plan B • if no one gets a majority in the electoral college • House elects the President and each state gets 1 vote • Senate elects VP • this happened in 1800 and 1824 • it has almost happened many times • 1876, 1960, 2000 141 141

27. 1789 81 81

28. 1796 141 141

29. 1800 141 141 12th Amendment changes Electoral College!!

30. 2000 538

31. 1824 261

32. Plan B