AP Test Review

1. AP Test Review Topics we may have missed…

2. 2012 • The AP Environmental Science Exam covers a one-semester introductory college course in environmental science with laboratory. The questions included in Section I are designed to cover the breadth of students' knowledge and understanding of environmental science. There are four questions in Section II. One is a data-set question, which requires students to analyze and interpret a given set of data. One is a document-based question in which students answer questions related to a given document (such as a pamphlet, advertisement, or newspaper article) and apply their knowledge of environmental science to contexts that are current, relevant, and authentic. Two are synthesis questions, which are in-depth, often multi-part essays.

3. College Board -- AP multiple choice sample • College Board – AP short answer questions (2010 & 2011) • Practice AP Test • All answers

4. AP Pass • http://appass.com/calculators/environmentalscience • Exam Scores • https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/exploreap/the-rewards/exam-scores • Multiple choice Scores • http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/212187.html • Does your college accept AP credits? • http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/apcreditpolicy/appolicy.jsp?match=true&collegeId=1225&searchType=APCredit&type=qfs&word=east%20stroudsburg • (best to contact your college directly)

5. 4/30 ATB • This type of water pollution causes pipes to be encrusted and decreases the effectiveness of soap. • A) Minimata disease • B) Eutrophication • C) Fecal coliforms • D) Sediment • E) Calcium ions • Today: • Go over the AP practice test • Look at the short answers

7. 5/1 ATB • Which of the following factors accompanies urbanization? • A) increased price of property in rural areas • B) increased standard of living in rural areas • C) increased specialization of jobs in urban areas • D) Decreased crime in urban areas • E) Decreased amount of energy used per capita • Don’t forget – meeting at DeRenzis Thursday • After we talk, some are going to Kettle Creek to “preview” some of the areas. • Fish and Game commission guy? • Non-APers Turn in 10 article questions

8. Peak oil

9. Acid Drainage • Or Acid Mine Drainage • As water fills up an old mine (or runs over newly exposed rock) and reacts with oxygen and sulfide minerals, sulfuric acid is produced. • This acidic water then also leaches metals from rocks it flows over, adding to the pollution (in high concentrations = organism death) • Pyrite is a common example – (iron sulfide)

12. 5/2 ATB • Which pair of phrases best describes the effect that O3 molecules have on the environment? • A) greenhouse effect; lung tissue irritant • B) Ozone depletion; greenhouse effect • C) Blocks UV rays; lung tissue irritant • D) Ozone depletion; carcinogen • E) Greenhouse effect; causes nerve damage • Today: • Finish review for AP test • Don’t forget  Meeting afterschool in DeRenzis’ room • Friday: Envirothon • Need Photo Release Form and Field Trip Permission Form • Dress for the weather • No cell phones are allowed while you are taking the test • Lunch is provided • Bus is probably going to leave from the fitness center

13. Catalytic converter • Filters air pollutants from vehicle exhaust • Helps to improve air quality

14. The catalytic converter: green technology

16. Even a banana split has ties to the environment

18. Population Doubling Time Estimate • Rule of thumb… • Book says: take 70 and divide by annual growth rate to estimate how long it will double. • Practice AP test says: take 72 and divide by annual growth rate • (Doubling x percent growth = 72) • (Doubling = 72 / percent growth)

19. Population Doubling Time Estimate • A population is increasing at 1.8% per year. How long will it take the population to quadruple? • A) About 39 years • B) About 78 years • C) About 45 years • D) About 30 years

21. Environmental Disasters • Bhopal, India (December 2-3, 1984) • Gas leak from the industrial pesticide plant run by Union Carbide India Limited • Considered one of the worlds worst industrial accidents • Over 500,000’s of people exposed to chemicals that lived in the shanty towns surrounding the plant (methyl isocyanate) • Death toll: 3,787 (estimates go up to 8,000)

22. Minamata, Japan (1956) • Minamata Disease -- Severe mercury poisoning • Caused by the release of methylmercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation’s chemical factory • It bioaccumulated in shellfish / fish • Death toll: 1,784 died and over 10,000 received compensation from Chisso Corporation

23. Love Canal, NY (1976) • Niagara Falls, NY • The canal was built to connect Niagara River to Lake Ontario – never completed • Site began being used to dump waste by Hooker Chemical (21,000 tons of toxic waste) • Site was sold in 1953 and houses were built ---- pollutants started leaking from the site into backyards, pools, etc. • Miscarriages, birth defects resulted • Now a superfund site – federal law to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances

24. Three Mile Island, PA (March 28, 1979) • Partial meltdown of a nuclear reactors • Through the 5 day ordeal there were major concerns the plant may explode • 140,000 pregnant women / children evacuated • No cited major release of nuclear material (small amounts released) • Illustrated need for closer monitoring of plants

25. Chernobyl, Ukraine (April 26, 1986) • Was in Soviet Union • Worst nuclear event in history (tied at a level 7 event with Fukushima • About 340,000 people evacuated and resettled • Meltdown and explosion of a nuclear power plant – massive amounts of radioactive materials released into the atmosphere • 68 direct deaths from radiation • Increased cancer rates

26. Fukushima, Japan – March 11, 2011 • Tsunami struck Japan (9.0 magnitude) • Power and cooling triggering a nuclear meltdown • All three cores melted down • Large amounts of radioactive materials released (most into ocean) • 100,000 people evacuated (no major sicknesses / death reported) • Level 7 nuclear event (highest event)

27. Exxon Valdez (1989) • Ran aground in Prince Williams Sound, Alaska • Spilled 100,000’s barrels of oil (10+ million gals) • 2nd largest oil spill in US history

28. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (July 15, 2010) • Largest oil spill in US history (2nd largest in world) • Occurred in Gulf of Mexico • Operated by BP - $4.525 billion fine • Oil flowed for 87 days (4.9 million barrels or 210 million gals) • 11 died Oil slick from space (NASA)

29. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) • Colorless, tasteless • Used primarily as an insecticide after WWII (1948ish) • Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring “questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health” • Book started the modern environmental movement • Get it? Silent spring? • Fat soluble so it easily bioaccumulates in organisms • Birds especially affected, causing thinning of shells resulting in population declines (especially predatory birds) • Toxic at certain levels to many organisms • Banned in US agriculture in 1982. Banned worldwide in the Stockholm Convention (2004)

31. Solar output and ocean absorption influence climate • Solar output = drives temperature change on Earth’s surface • The Sun varies in the radiation it emits • Variation in solar energy (i.e., solar flares) has not been great enough to change Earth’s temperature • Ocean absorption = the ocean holds 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere and absorbs it from the atmosphere • Carbon absorption by the oceans is slowing global warming but not preventing it • Warmer oceans absorb less CO2 because gases are less soluble in warmer water – a positive feedback effect that accelerates warming

32. Ocean circulation and ENSO influence climate • Ocean circulation = ocean water exchanges tremendous amounts of heat with the atmosphere, and ocean currents move energy from place to place • El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) = a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific

33. El Niño • Normally, winds blow from east to west along the equator, from high to low pressure • Westward-moving surface waters allow nutrient-rich upwelling along the coast of Peru • ENSO occurs when air pressure increases in the western Pacific and decreases in the eastern Pacific, causing the equatorial winds to weaken • Water flows eastward, suppressing upwellings, shutting down delivery of nutrients that support aquatic life • Coastal industries are devastated, global weather is changed

35. La Niña events • The opposite of El Niño events • Cold surface waters extend far westward in the equatorial Pacific and weather patterns are affected in opposite ways • ENSO cycles are periodic, occurring every 2-8 years • Globally warming air and sea temperatures may be increasing their frequency and strength

36. Thermohaline circulation • Thermohaline circulation = a worldwide current system in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface; and colder, saltier water moves deep beneath the surface • Warm surface water carries heat to Europe • North American Deep Water (NADW) = the deep portion of the thermohaline circulation, consisting of dense, cool water that sinks • Interrupting the thermohaline circulation could trigger rapid climate change

37. NADW is vulnerable • If Greenland’s ice melts, freshwater runoff would dilute ocean waters, making them less dense, and stopping NADW • Some data suggest thermohaline circulation is slowing • Europe would rapidly cool, as shown in The Day After Tomorrow, a movie which exaggerated the impacts

39. CITES • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) • Multilateral treaty (1975) • “Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 34,000 species of animals and plants”

40. Laws and Acts • Endangered Species Act (ESA) • Signed into law by Nixon in 1973 • “Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a consequence from of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation” • Administered by US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmosphereic Administration (NOAA) • Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) • Federal law (1977) that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the US • Two programs: • One for regulating active coal mines • One to reclaim abandoned mine lands

41. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) • Passed in 1938 giving the US Food and Drug Administration authority to oversee food, drug and cosmetic safety • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) - 1980 • Known as the superfund • Designed to clean up all sites contaminated with hazardous substances that are endangering public health and / or the environment • Allows EPA to identify responsible parties and compel them to clean up the site. • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) • Signed into law by Nixon in 1970 • “the law was established to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans.”

42. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • 1976 – Federal Law that governs the disposal of solid and hazardous wasted • “Gives the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the cradle-to-grave.” • This includes transportation, storage, disposal • Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) • “law that set up the basic US system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers and the environment.” • Administered by the EPA

43. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • Part of the US Department of Labor • Mission is to “assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance”. • Enforces whistleblower statues and regulations • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) • Part of the US Dept. of Homeland Security • Main role is to coordinate response to disasters that occur in the US (ones that states cannot handle, and they declare a state of emergency) • States must request the help of FEMA

44. Agreements / Conferences • Kyoto Protocol • …to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Treaty that sets obligations on industrialized nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses • “The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system.”

45. Ontario Agreement • The Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem is the federal-provincial agreement that supports the restoration and protection of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. The Agreement outlines how the governments of Canada and Ontario will cooperate and coordinate their efforts to restore, protect and conserve the Great Lakes basin ecosystem

46. Environmental mitigation – • Terms used to “describe projects or programs intended to offset known impacts to an existing historic or natural resource such as a stream, wetland, endangered species, archeological site or historic structure. To "mitigate" means to make less harsh or hostile.” • Environmental crediting / debit system: you get a credit when you improve / preserve a resource and you get a debit when you damage one • Buy credits to offset damage a building project may generate

47. Brownfield – • area of dubious toxicity (high liability to future owners) From wikipedia…

49. Energy Sources • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) • Nuclear • Hydroelectric • Wind • Solar • Geothermal • Wave • Tidal • Biomass / biofuels