China Part II Notes

1. China Part II Notes

2. Struggles for the Republic • A. Dr. Sun Yatsen was the president of the Chinese Republic and organized the Nationalist Party. His three goals were called "Three Principles of the People" • 1. Nationalism – Unifying the nation and ending foreign control • 2. Establishing a representative style government • 3. Ensuring that all people are employed Sun Yatsen

3. B. Yatsen was soon forced to leave office. He organized an army to restore unity to China. Chiang Kai - Shek was the commander of the Nationalist army and the Nationalist Party. The Nationals faced challenges to their authority. 1. Stronger ties to family and not the state 2. Little or no experience with representative government 3. Depressed economy 4. Communist party Chiang Kai Shek

4. C. The Communist Party formed and hoped to gain control of China. Kai - Shek forced the Communist out of the city and into the mountains. Mao Zedong, leader of the Communist Party, believed that China needed Communism to become a modern nation. During their retreat into the mountains, the Communist treated peasants fairly. 1. Majority of people were peasants 2. Communists forces asked and paid peasants for food and supplies

5. D. Kai – Shek’s Nationalist forces followed the Communists into the mountains. Over a year, they trekked for more than 6,000 miles to the northwestern section of China. It is known as the "Long March". The Long March became a symbol of the bitter hardships that the Communists had to endure before gaining power in 1949. 1. 90,000 Communists and their families started moved into the mountains 2. 7,000 survived

6. The Long March

7. E. With China divided, the Japanese seized Manchuria and then invaded. The Nationalist and Communists united to fight the Japanese. Japan was defeated in 1945. However, China was split. Mao controlled the northern section, while the Nationalists control the south. II. The People's Republic of China A. Chiang Kai - Shek and the Nationalists were backed by the United States. Mao with an army of peasants was able to defeat the Nationalist and gain control of China in 1949. Chiang Kai - Shek and the Nationalists were pushed off of the mainland and retreated to Formosa or Taiwan. Why were the Communists able to win? Army of peasants appealed to the people Highly disciplined B. Mao’s ideals appealed to the poor. 1. End oppression by landlords and governmental officials 2. Land reform 3. Against imperialism 4. Industrialization

8. C. Mao had to change the theories of Karl Marx to fit China. According to Marx, industrial workers would become impoverished and revolt against business owners and the government. China was not an industrialized nation and did not have a large working class. Mao believed that the peasants could replace the industrial workers to lead the revolution. D. Supported by the People’s Liberation Army, the Communist Party took over China. The constitution created a totalitarian government. Totalitarianism – Control over every aspect of your live through the political party Propaganda – Spreading ideas to promote or damage a cause

9. Propaganda pictures

10. We will destroy the old world and build a new one.

11. E. In "Quotations from Chairman Mao", the people learned to be obedient and loyal to him. Mao restored order and ended foreign influence. His goal was for China to become self - sufficient. He started many programs aimed at modernization. However, many of his policies were not working. 1. Improved agriculture did not stop periodic famines 2. Improved health care and educational system but only through communist ideology

12. The Little Red book contained 30 chapters dealing with every aspect of society. No matter the problem or issue, Chairman Mao would have the answer. Youth – The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. Class struggle - The ruthless economic exploitation and political oppression of the peasants by the landlord class forced them into numerous uprisings against its rule.... It was the class struggles of the peasants, the peasant uprisings and peasant wars that constituted the real motive force of historical development in Chinese feudal society. The People - Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people. Every word, every act and every policy must conform to the people's interests, and if mistakes occur, they must be corrected - that is what being responsible to the people means.

13. F. Deng Xiaoping became chairman when Mao died. He eased some of the governments' strict economic controls and encouraged some free enterprise. The increased economic freedoms lead many to believe that political freedoms should also be granted. G. In 1989, students organized rallies to demand political freedoms. The government ordered the students to disperse. When they refused, the government fired upon the students in Tiananmen Square. They arrested, tortured and executed the leaders of the pro democratic government. The events within Tiananmen Square outraged many international human rights groups. They demanded that the government be tried for crimes against humanity. However, the Chinese government claims that nothing happened. “Beijing Massacre” - Chinese leaders would not allow their authority to be challenged. The army was ordered to stop the demonstrations. In two days over 3,000 protesters, mostly students were killed in and around Tiananmen Square.

14. Calling for freedom and democracy, demonstrating students surround policemen near Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, Thursday afternoon on May 4, 1989. Approximately 100,000 students and workers marched toward the square demanding democratic reforms This is a May 27, 1989 photo of student leader Wang Dan in Tiananmen Square Beijing calling for a city wide march. He was arrested and finally released in 1998. due to international pressures.

15. A man tries to pull a Chinese soldiers away from his comrades as thousands of Beijing citizens turned out to block thousands of troops on their way towards Tiananmen Square in this June 3, 1989 photo. A student puts barricades in front of armored carrier trying to stop it.

16. An unknown Chinese rebel who stopped 4 Chinese government tanks at Tiananmen. He kept on blocking the lead tank as it tried to go around him. This picture became an international image of heroism. VIDEO- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuuddurPLV8&feature=related

17. III. Economic Development A. The three goals of Mao’s Communist Revolution were aimed at restructuring society. 1. Better life for the people 2. Development of the economy 3. Restore China as a world power B. There were many obstacles which prevented Mao from achieving his goals. 1. Large population 2. Years at war – Japan and then Civil War 3. Poor land 4. Lack of technology and capital 5. Long period of isolation

18. Estimated Population of China from 1950 - 2050

19. C. The Communists could not separate economic and political goals. In order to build a strong economy; the old class system had to be destroyed. With governmental control of production, China could sell goods on the world market and used the profits to improve industry. B. In 1958, Mao called on the Chinese to modernize in the "Great Leap Forward". It was a disaster. 1. Peasants destroyed crops due to the low governmental payments 2. Farmers also worked on public work assignments 3. Guaranteed standard of living 4. Flooding and droughts destroyed crops Collective farms – Farmers who worked for the state and received a share of the harvests Communes – Thousands of acres of land and 20,000 peasants combined from several villages

20. The Great Leap Forward

21. C. Mao believed that the new generation had to experience the revolution first hand. The "Cultural Revolution" would provide the people with the revolutionary experience and reestablish the commitment to communism. The people had to show complete loyal to the party and live according the Mao. "We have no need for our brains; we have the thoughts of Chairman Mao". .

24. 1. Young people were urged to tell on people who opposed Communism 2. Red Guards turned in anyone who did not support the revolution D. Based upon the information provided by the Red Guard, many were sent to "struggle meetings". They were forced to confess crimes against Mao and then sent to rural areas to do manual labor. In 1969, the Chinese Army was able to restore order and sent members of the Red Guard to rural areas to work. After the death of Mao, there was a power struggle in China. 1. “Gang of Four” – Mao’s widow and supporters of the Cultural Revolution 2. Deng – Stressed economic reforms instead of the class struggle to modernize

25. E. Deng’s four areas modernization were similar to Mao’s. 1. Agriculture 2. Expand industry 3. Develop science and technology 4. Upgrade defenses F. Deng also introduced changes in agriculture. Farms were returned to individual families who were responsible for supporting itself. The land would be leased from the government and a certain portion would be sold to the government for a set price. All remaining products could be sold on the open market for a profit.

26. V. Industry A. Under Chairman Mao, China stressed improvement in heavy industry like mining and military weapons. During the Great Leap Forward, communes built small factories to make farm tools, furniture, and clothing. Products were poorly made because quantity was emphasized over quality. Communes also set up "backyard furnaces" to make steel. Again, most of it was not made properly. B. Under Deng, China shifted the emphasis to light industry like manufacturing consumer goods. Deng extended the responsibility system to industry. Managers were also responsible for making a profit for the government. Industrial output did increase however, the system was still inefficient. Nevertheless, China is still one of the world's most rapidly developing nations. They currently are benefiting from the discovery of new mineral resources and developing their oil reserves.

27. VI. Trade A. Deng realized that China needed foreign technology and capital in order to modernize and established Special Economic Zones. Special Economic Zones – Southeast China Areas that foreign companies have tax benefits and private enterprise

28. VII. Changing Patterns of Life A. The Communist Party tried to replace old Confucian traditions with a new revolutionary philosophy. They encouraged a sense of unity, loyalty, and service. The goal was to build a new classless society in which everyone was equal. However a new elite class did emerged containing members of the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army. Influence of the family Outlawed traditional marriages and funerals Reduced the importance of filial piety

29. B. The government took steps to limit population growth. -Delayed marriage until mid to late 20’s -One child policy -Only one child – Governmental reward system – Promotions, improved housing and wages increases _______________________________ *Multiple children – Governmental punishments – Fines, reduced rations, not eligible for promotions Urban areas today are relaxing the policy

30. Affect of the One Child Policy • The authorities also pledged to improve protection of baby girls, saying that people who kill, abandon or injure infant girls or ill-treat their mothers, should be severely punished. Medical institutions that use ultra-sound technology and abortion medicines will be more closely supervised, according to the statement. China's gender ratio for newborn babies in 2005 was 118 boys for 100 girls, compared with 110:100 in 2000. In some regions, the figure has reached 130 newborn boys for every 100 girls. The decision said the gender-ratio imbalance which has been developing for some time amounts to "a hidden danger" for the society that will "affect social stability.“ In an attempt to halt the growing imbalance, China launched a "care for girls" campaign nationwide in 2000 to promote equality between men and women. The government has also offered cash incentives to girl-only families in the countryside. The authorities said such programs will continue to fight discrimination against girls and to adopt more policies to ensure the healthy growth of girls. • Video: Journeyman China’s One Child Policy: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4OWJlyaHt0

31. C. The Communist Constitution of 1950 introduced rights for women. Equal rights - Political, economic, cultural, social and family life D. Communist leaders also placed a strong emphasis on literacy. They need educated workers for the new modern industrial China. The government opened schools, adult education centers. Students were taught the Communists beliefs in the state official language of Mandarin. VIII. China and the world A. China is considered to be a major power due to its size, resources, and rapidly developing economy. At first China received aid from the Soviet Union. However, Stalin and Mao never truly trusted each other. As a result, their relationship turned hostile. B. China does have some influence over some of the other developing nations. It has supported nationalist movements in Africa and Southeast Asia. Stalin and Mao

32. China and Tibet – 1950 China conquered Tibet to protect the country from western domination. The Tibetan government asked the United Nations for assistance. However, the western world wanted to maintain economic ties with China and did not send aid. After 50 years of occupation, China realizes that Tibet cannot be control. The Dalai Lama’s government has been involved in talks to determine how Tibet will be governed.

33. C. China and the western world did not have a good relationship. Mao's victory in China was seen as a threat to democracy, while, Mao viewed the west as imperialistic. The United States and other western democracies did not recognize the People's Republic of China until 1971. D. In 1997, China regained control of Hong Kong, which was under British control since the Opium War. Hong Kong had become a center of trade, manufacturing, shipping, and finance. China has done little to interfere with the economy of Hong Kong.

34. E. China and Japan have also improved their relations. 1. China gained advanced science and technology. 2. Japan is permitted to sell in China and receive raw materials. China has been able to industrialize very rapidly and has become the world’s largest exporter. Many nations have expressed concern over the human rights violations and Tibet, but, still receive goods from China.

35. F. The Nationalist government in Taiwan still fears invasion from China. Taiwan has developed a strong manufacturing economy. They are able to export goods around and world and have achieved a high standard of living. They economic success strengthens their desire to remain independent.

36. Human Rights • As a communistic system, the Party controls every aspect of a citizens life. China has been accused of abusing the rights of citizens in numerous areas. The government controls • Freedoms of association, religion, speech and information • Improper treatment of prisoners • Lacks judicial independence and due process • Death Penalty • Tibet • Women – One child policy

37. Regardless of these issues, nations and companies are still interested in China.

38. Other CURRENT ISSUES,,, • Environment!!! Journeyman VIDEO- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQaiJxK-qZY • Political & Economic CORRUPTION!!! May 2012 Issue