The Periodic Table

1. The Periodic Table A guide.

2. The Periodic Table • Is a valuable tool to chemists • Gives a lot of information about the elements • Can be used to predict properties of elements

3. What’s on the P.T.? • All the elements discovered to date! • 92 naturally occurring elements • 26 man-made elements

4. How is the P.T. organized? • In order of increasing atomic number! • With elements that have similar properties in the same column. • So what is with the 2 rows of elements at the bottom? Where do they fit in?

5. This is where the 2 rows really belong. So why is it never shown there? It would make the P.T. too long to fit on a single page.

6. Elements can be metals, nonmetals or metalloids. • Metals • Are lustrous (shiny) • Are good conductors of heat and electricity • Are ductile (able to be drawn into wire) • Are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets • Malleability- • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4OTj9yNOak • Ductility- • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6m1Uii5v2I

7. Metals on the P.T. Metals

8. Nonmetals on the P.T. Nonmetals

9. S • Nonmetals • Are BRITTLE (shatter easily when hit) solids, or liquid or gas at room temperature • Are INSULATORS of heat and electricity • Solids are DULL Cl

10. Metalloids • Are between the metals and the nonmetals on the P.T. • Can have properties of both metals and nonmetals • There are 7 METALLOIDS- • Boron • Silicon • Germanium • Arsenic • Antimony • Tellurium • Polonium

11. Arrangement • The vertical columns are called GROUPS or families. • All the elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties! • There are 18 groups on the P.T. • Some are important enough to be named! • The horizontal rows are called PERIODS. • There are 7 periods on the P.T.

12. Alkali Metals – Group 1 • Very reactive metals • React vigorously with water and oxygen in the air • Produce bases (alkalis) when reacting with water

13. Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2 • Reactive metals (but not as much as the alkali metals) • The “earth” part of the name comes from being found in compounds within rocks and minerals

14. Halogens – Group 17 • Are very reactive nonmetals • name means “salt former” & compounds made with halogens are called salts

15. Noble Gases – Group 18 • Are mostly nonreactive nonmetals • Before the 1960s they were considered completely nonreactive • Now we know they can be made to react a little

16. Transition Metals – Groups 3 - 12 • Are great conductors!

17. Inner Transition Metals – the 2 lower rows on the P.T. • Are more reactive than the transition metals • Top row called the LANTHANIDES • Bottom row called the ACTINIDES

18. Metalloids

19. Physical/Chemical Properties of Elements on the P.T. • Elements in groups share similar chemical and physical properties. • These similarities can be used to predict trends among the elements on the P.T.

20. Periodic Trends of Elements – some definitions • Atomic radius • Considered to be half the distance between the nuclei of 2 of the same element bonded together

21. Ionic Radius – same as an atomic radius but for ions • An ion – a positively or negatively charged atom made by gaining or losing electrons

22. Ionization energy- • Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom to make it an ion • Metals usually give up electrons more easily than nonmetals do.

23. Electronegativity • The attraction an atom has for another element’s electrons

24. Periodic Trends – the important 2 elements to remember

25. Why these 2 elements? • Francium (Fr) • Largest atomic & ionic radius • Lowest ionization energy & electronegativity • Fluorine (F) • Smallest atomic & ionic radius • Highest ionization energy & electronegativity All trends can be figured out if you remember these 2 elements!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

26. Periodic Trends