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CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES. Carbohydrates. Important energy source for cell Monosaccharides – monomers for sugars Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked by glycosidic covalent bond Polysaccharide – many sugars (100-1000’s) All sugars have a C 1 H 2 O 1 formula. Monomers: Monosaccharides. Glucose Fructose

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CARBOHYDRATES

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  1. CARBOHYDRATES

  2. Carbohydrates • Important energy source for cell • Monosaccharides – monomers for sugars • Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked by glycosidic covalent bond • Polysaccharide – many sugars (100-1000’s) • All sugars have a C1H2O1 formula.

  3. Monomers: Monosaccharides • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose

  4. Glucose (an aldose) Fructose (a ketose)

  5. 6 5 1 4 2 3 Glucose = Aldose

  6. 6 5 2 1 3 4 =Ketose

  7. Simplified structure Abbreviated structure Structural formula

  8. Galactose Glucose

  9. 2 forms of glucose Alpha-Glucose Beta-Glucose

  10. When alpha-glucose molecules are joined chemically to form a polymer starch is formed. • When beta-glucose molecules are joined to form a polymer cellulose is formed.

  11. Alpha-Glucose Starch: Alpha-glucose is the monomer unit in starch.

  12. As a result of the bond angles in the alpha acetal linkage, starch (amylose) actually forms a spiral structure.

  13. Beta-Glucose • Cellulose: Beta glucose is the monomer unit in cellulose.

  14. As a result of the bond angles in the beta acetal linkage, cellulose is mostly a linear chain.

  15. Disaccharides • Lactose • Maltose • Sucrose

  16. Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction • An example is a glucose monomer bonding to a fructose monomer to form sucrose, a common disaccharide

  17. Glucose Glucose

  18. Glucose Glucose Maltose

  19. Fig. 5-5 1–4 glycosidic linkage Glucose Glucose Maltose (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 1–2 glycosidic linkage Glucose Fructose Sucrose (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

  20. Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides (long chains of sugar) • They can function in the cell as a storage molecule or as a structural compound

  21. Polysaccharide • Starch – plant energy storage • Glycogen- animal energy storage • Cellulose- cell wall of plants • Chitin – cell wall of fungi

  22. All composed of glucoses

  23. STARCH Glucose monomer Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Hydrogen bonds Cellulose molecules

  24. Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides are hydrophilic (water-loving) • Cotton fibers, such as those in bath towels, are water absorbent

  25. To get to the energy, you must break the bonds connecting the glucoses. But those starch bonds are very hard to break…

  26. What’s in spit?

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