The Civil War

1. The Civil War

3. Key Events Leading to the Civil War • Sectionalism • Missouri Compromise • Nullification Crisis • Abolitionist Movement • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Dred Scott Decision • Election of 1860

4. I. Sectionalism • An exaggerated loyalty to one’s own area rather than the country as a whole • Differences Adding to Sectionalism • Agriculture • Industrialization • Slavery • Transportation • Cities • Immigrants

5. II. Problems with Sectionalism • Separated the country in to two unfriendly groups • There was a fight for control in the U.S. government between these two groups.

6. III. Missouri Compromise • In 1819 there were 11 slave states and 11 free states • In the same year, Missouri asked for statehood as a slave state • This would throw off the balance between slave states and free states in the U.S. government, giving one more power. (The free states were afraid the slaves states would make slavery legal in all states. The slave states were afraid that the free states would make slavery illegal in all states.)

7. To avoid further problems a compromise was worked out • Missouri would join as a slave state and Maine would join as a free state • There would be equal power in the government with 12 free states and 12 slave states.

8. IV. Protective Tariff • Protective Tariff: Designed to raise import taxes on goods coming from foreign countries in order to make them more expensive than the goods made in the United States. • This would benefit the emerging industries in the North. • Southerners opposed raising the protective tariff because they were largely agricultural and would have to pay higher prices on manufactured goods from the North and other countries.

9. V. Nullification • Nullification: the idea that a state can ignore (nullify) a federal law if the state does not like the law. • Included the idea: • If a state disagreed with the federal government that state could leave the Union (secede), or no longer be part of the United States.

10. VI. South Carolina Exposition and Protest • Written anonymously by John C. Calhoun-Vice President of the time. • The document claimed that it was a states’ right to declare such a law as the Protective Tariff as unconstitutional (unjust) and to nullify (ignore) it through a special state convention. • This position threatened the unity of the United States.

11. VII. Nullification Crisis • When Congress passed another tariff in 1832, South Carolina called a meeting to nullify the tariff and John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President. • President Andrew Jackson condemned the flouting of federal law and urged Congress to pass a Force Bill. • The crisis ended with a compromise • Congress lowered the tariff and South Carolina repealed the nullification.

12. VIII. Antebellum a. Antebellum is the term for the time period before the Civil War: 1820-1860

13. IX. Slave Revolts • Over the years there were many attempts at freedom by the slaves in South Carolina • The most famous was the Denmark Vesey case • Denmark Vesey was a free black living in Charleston and according to some was planning on leading a slave revolt

14. X. Denmark Vesey • Although the revolt never took place and there was no hard evidence to prove it, it was believed that Denmark had 9,000 followers with weapons who were going to begin a revolt • Over 100 slaves and free blacks were arrested. 34 were executed including Vesey.

15. XI. Nat Turner Rebellion • Although not in South Carolina, the most famous slave revolt was Nat Turner’s Rebellion in Virginia • Nat was a slave preacher who led a band of rampaging slaves who murdered over 50 white men, women, and children

16. XII. Effects of Slave Revolts • White people in the South were afraid that at any moment the slaves would rise up and start killing them. • They believed they were unable to live without the slaves and yet were extremely terrified of them at the same time • So, more slave laws were passed to control the slaves.

17. XIII. Slave Codes • These laws that were passed were called Slave Codes.

18. Tried to stop slaves from coming into South Carolina from other states • Free Blacks had to pay a tax to live in South Carolina • If a free black left the state they could not come back • Slave patrols were increased in the state

19. XIV. Abolition Movement • At the same time as slave codes were becoming harsher there was a movement throughout the country of people who were against the practice of slavery • These people were called abolitionists

20. XV. Abolitionists • The Grimke sisters • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Abolitionist information was kept out of the South by postal workers and was even considered illegal in many of the southern states

21. XVI. Compromise of 1850 • In 1850 California applied for a statehood as a free state 1. This would throw off the balance of power between free and slave states b. Another compromise needed to be worked out.

22. c. The Compromise of 1850 stated: 1. California would enter the U.S. as a Free State 2. The territories of Utah and New Mexico would allow slavery 3. No more slave trade in Washington D.C. 4. Stronger fugitive (runaway slaves) slave laws would be passed.

23. XVII. Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854 the territories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized • The Missouri Compromise line was ignored • These two states would become Slave or Free based on popular sovereignty • Popular sovereignty meant that the people actually living those territories would get to decide for themselves

24. d. In order to affect the vote, northern abolitionists and southern slave owners moved into the Kansas Territory. e. There was so much violence that it led people to call the area “Bleeding Kansas”

25. XVIII. Dred Scott Case • Dred Scott, a slave, argued that he should be freed because his master took him into free Territories. b. The supreme court ruled that because Scott was property he could be taken any where his master went and still be a slave

26. This ruling allowed for slaves to be taken into free territories without restrictions. • The South is excited about the ruling but the North decided to ignore it

27. XIX. Election 1860 • Before the election of 1860 the South was worried that Lincoln would win 1. To try to influence the North not to vote for Lincoln, South Carolina threatened to secede if Lincoln won the presidency

28. However, Lincoln won the election with electoral votes from the North c. Southerners and border states split their votes among several candidates

29. XX. South Carolina Secedes a. South Carolina called a special convention and signed the Articles of Secession 1. A document claiming that the rights of South Carolinians had not been and would not be protected by the federal government. b. Other Southern states seceded soon after

30. Outcome of Events • Most of these key events arose from racial tension and created sectionalism • The following events all resulted from the issue of slavery and divided the North and South even more: • Missouri Compromise • Abolition Movement • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Dred Scott Decision