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Launching the New Ship of State

Launching the New Ship of State. Chapter 10. A. Growing Pains. Troubles w/ new nation Financial and political Spanish, British, & Indian antagonism Population boom 1790- Phil.- 42,000. Few cities with more than 5,000 residents Avg white woman gave birth to 8 children

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Launching the New Ship of State

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  1. Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 10

  2. A. Growing Pains • Troubles w/ new nation • Financial and political • Spanish, British, & Indian antagonism • Population boom • 1790- Phil.- 42,000

  3. Few cities with more than 5,000 residents • Avg white woman gave birth to 8 children • White pop doubled every 22 years • 1790 – almost half of all white Americans under 16

  4. B. Washington for President • Only pres. elected unanimously (1789) • Came out of retirement • Inaugurated April 30, 1789 in NYC • Created cabinet (exec. dept. heads) • Sec. of State- T. Jefferson • Sec. of Treasury- A. Hamilton • Sec. of War- H. Knox

  5. C. The Bill of Rights • 1st Congress upheld Federalist pledge • Individual rights & limits on government’s power (9th & 10th) • Another compromise • Strong central government • Protected citizens’ rights • 1st Congress also passed Judiciary Act of 1789- • Organized Supreme Court, other federal courts, & created attorney general

  6. D. Hamilton Revives Public Credit • Financial genius- wanted policies to favor wealthy • Fund national debt “at par” (faith)- $54 mil. • “Assume” state debts (unity)- $21.5 mil. • Angered states w/ small debt • District of Columbia & VA (Compromise of 1790)

  7. Hamilton’s “Reports on the Public Credit” • $79 million debt from Federal and State gov’ts (from war) • France, Spain, Holland loaned money during war • US in 1794 had higher financial credit rating than all European nations

  8. E. Customs Duties & Excise Taxes • Hamilton approved of debt • The more the fed. govt. owed to creditors, the more people would want the govt. to succeed • Tariffs would make revenue & protect American manufacturing • Excise taxes- Whiskey

  9. F. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank • Hamilton wanted a bank to deposit, print money, & extend credit • Jefferson argued against (too much power)- strict interpretation • Hamilton used “necessary & proper clause”- loose interpretation • Bank chartered 1791- sectionalism

  10. Whiskey Rebellion - 1794 • whiskey excise tax • Rebellion a lot like Stamp Act riots • State militias sent men to crush rebellion • Proved power of fed. govt., but opposition said it was abuse

  11. H. The Emergence of Political Parties • Hamilton’s plans est. economy, but encroached upon states’ rights • Movement began against Hamilton’s followers- Jefferson at head • Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans • First organized political parties in US

  12. I. The Impact of the French Revolution • Federalists- against, Dem.-Reps.- for • 1793- Reign of Terror • Started another British/French War

  13. J. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality • Franco-American Alliance of 1778 • Proclamation began “isolationism” • Country too weak, babies • Citizen Edmund Genet- Charleston

  14. K. Embroilments with Britain • British still manned forts in US, agitated Indians • Little Turtle’s Miami Confederacy • Battle of Fallen Timbers- 1794 • Treaty of Greenville • On the sea • British seized US merchants • Impressed American sailors • Dem.-Reps. wanted war, Feds- continued neutrality

  15. L. Jay’s Treaty & Washington’s Farewell Address • John Jay to London & Dem.-Rep. Reactions • Brit. promised to vacate forts • Repay seized property • No mention of future seizures • Forced US to pay off all old debts • Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)- free navigation of MS River & territory

  16. L. Continued • Washington decided to retire after 2 terms • Avoid permanent foreign alliances • Warned of dangers of partisanship

  17. M. John Adams Becomes President • Hamilton?- unpopular w/ too many • VP John Adams vs. T. Jefferson (1796) • How did Federalists (and Hamilton) cause this? • Divisive election- Adams barely won • 71-68

  18. N. Unofficial Fighting with France • French anger at Jay’s Treaty • XYZ Affair (1797)- Adams sent diplomats to France • French envoys (XYZ) • Loan & $250,000 bribe just to talk • “millions for defense, but not 1 cent for tribute”

  19. N. Continued • Navy Department, Marine Corps, new army of 10,000 • Unofficial fighting 1798-1800

  20. O. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party • Adams- fight or not? • New envoys to France • Convention of 1800- ended Franco-American alliance • Favored trading status • Nation not ready for war

  21. P. The Federalist Witch Hunt • The 1798 Alien & Sedition Act- aimed at Dem.-Reps. & newly arrived immigrants

  22. Alien- • Raised residency requirement from 5 to 14 yrs. • Pres. could jail or deport any “undesirable alien” any time he wished during peace

  23. Sedition- (1st Amend.) • Not allowed to speak out openly against govt. policies or officials

  24. Q. The VA & KY Resolutions • Opposition to A & S Acts • Jefferson (VA), Madison (KY) • Used compact theory • States were final judges of national policy • Promoted idea of nullification

  25. R. Feds. vs. Dem.-Reps. • Feds.- rule by wealthy, protect wealthy, pro-business & trade • Dem.-Reps.- rule by masses, weak govt., • Jefferson promoted slavery to try and ensure land for all white people

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