Rome-End of the Republic

1. Rome-End of the Republic

2. RomUlus and remus • Sons of god Uranus and Rhea Silvia- vestal virgin • Twins were thrown into the Tiber river- floated down stream – were found by a she-wolf and woodpecker • Eventually returned to kill their father • Founded a new city-Rome

3. Rome’s Beginnings • Central location & Geography – Is it a Benefit? • ~800 B.C. – Latins migrate to Italy, settle in villages along Tiber River on 7 hills • Legend – Romulus & Remus • Share Italy w/ Etruscans

4. Roman Republic • 509 B.C. – throw out the Etruscans • Establish a republic – to prevent any individual from too much power • Structure – p. 152 • 300 patricians • 2 consuls (1 term) • Dictator • Ex: Cincinnatus

5. Plebeians • Farmers, merchants, & artisans • Citizens w/ little influence • Gain right to elect tribunes to protect them • Tribunes could veto, or block laws • More involved in Senate over time • 450 B.C. – Laws of the 12 Tables inscribed, placed in the Forum • Ability to appeal

6. Roman Society • Family – Basic Unit • Male = absolute power • Women • Own property, run businesses, & support the arts & festivals • Attend public events w/ husbands • Livia & Agrippina • Children • Girls & Boys, rich & poor learn to read & write • Rich Romans hire Greek tutors

7. Developed/Borrowed from Greeks • Jupiter = Zeus • Juno = Hera • Neptune = Poseidon • Mars = Ares • Calendar • Feasts & Celebrations • Inspire a sense of community • Dozens of Temples • Ex: Pantheon Religion

8. Growth of the State • ~270 B.C. – Control most of Italy • Success = diplomacy & well-trained army • Legion – 5,000 men each • Stressed loyalty & courage • Rewards & punishments • Just to conquered peoples, maintain customs for loyalty • Outposts, roads link the empire, increase trade

9. Punic Wars • 3 separate wars-over 100 years total • 1st Punic War-Carthage had awesome navy & many more citizens than Rome • Rome wins-How? • Used planks on ships to board Carthaginian ships • Lasted 23 years

10. 2nd Punic war • 218 BCE-Hannibal, great Carthaginian warrior, took 60,000 soldiers, 38 elephants, and horses • Went into Spain, across the Pyrenees, and snuck in behind the Roman soldiers for a sneak attack • ½ his men & most of elephants died (snow covered mountains & bitter cold)

11. 2ndpunic war cont. • Hannibal enters the Roman plains & defeats the surprised Romans; 2 yrs later-defeated 3 more Roman armies • Romans retreat to Rome-Hannibal can’t knock walls down • Picked up Gallic soldiers in France (hated Roman empire) • 15 yrs Hannibal destroys Italian peninsula-farms, villages destroyed • Surprise move-Rome takes armies across Mediterranean and attacks Carthage • Hannibal rushes home to defend his home territory • General Scipio defeats Hannibal-forces Carthage to destroy most of its navy & took control of Spain

12. 3rdpunic war • 149 BCE-Carthage attacked Rome’s ally • Rome attacked Carthage • cut off food supplies, many starve to death • Burned it to ground, sold people into slavery • Legend says they poured salt on ground to prevent future crops • Carthage was gone

13. Gap between rich & poor • Rich become richer-poor become poorer HOW??? • Soldiers important-citizen-soldiers also farmers, laborers • Gone for long periods of time, farms often taken for lack of taxes paid • Soldiers returned home to nothing • Very few jobs available-slaves did most of the work • No land & no jobs-many sold votes to politicians

14. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Brothers, both were tribunes • Both tried to help the poor • Tiberius said the soldiers fought to protect the wealthy & received nothing in return • Senators started a riot-Tiberius killed • Gaius accomplished more-lowered grain prices & got offices for plebeians • Patricians stopped the reforms-Gaius & several thousand of his supporters were killed • Plebeians loved them, patricians hated them

15. Military leaders gain power • Plebeians & tribunes want reform-patricians don’t-What happens? Generals take control • 110 BCE-General Marius forms army of poor people • Promises share of wealth of conquered territories • More loyal to him than the republic • 88 BCE-General Sulla challenges him • 1000’s die in war between the 2 • Sulla wins • Throws out 6 month dictator law • Military generals rule until 27 BCE

16. 1st Triumvirate • 60 BCE-3 men agree to rule Rome together • Crassus-wealthy politician • Pompey the Great-general • Julius Caesar-general • Julius-elected consul • Called the 1st triumvirate • Lasts only 10 years

17. Julius Caesar • Feared by Pompey-got Senate to limit his power, forced him to return to Rome w/o army • Caesar refused-marched his army back to Rome, defeating Pompey’s armies along the way-Pompey fled • Caesar broke Roman law-but had won power-more power than the Senate

18. Julius Caesar’s accomplishments • Jobs to poor • Told rich to stop wearing jewelry & displays of wealth • Tougher crime laws • Forgave enemies-gave gov’t jobs to them • Fixed calendar-used for next 1,500 years • Senate made him dictator for life-face on Roman coins • Some Senate members feared this • Assassinated March 15th, 44 BCE • Friends who killed him did it for the “good” of the Republic

19. 2ndTriumverate • Fighting broke out after his death • 2 of his supporters, Marc Antony & Marcus Lepidus (later Octavian)-2nd triumvirate • Octavian(West) Antony (East) both fight for power • Anthony allies with Cleopatra-Egypt

20. Egypt & Rome • Octavian gets Senate to take away Antony’s power • War broke out between Egypt & Rome • 31 BCE-Battle of Actium, Rome defeats Egypt • Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide • 27 BCE-Republic dies-Octavian named emperor for life • Next 500 years, emperors will rule Rome