Chapter 27: Section 1

1. Chapter 27: Section 1 Setting the Stage for War

2. Germany • Germany was first unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. • The Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of the German Empire under King William I of Prussia. GERMANY

3. With this unification German and Italy had changed the balance of power in Europe. • Past: France and Great Britain • 1871: Germany and Italy • Otto von Bismarck • The German chancellor shaped its ambitious foreign policy. • Chancellor • the head of the government • a person in charge of foreign affairs • a person with duties related to justice

4. Bismarck • Feared that France would seek revenge for its 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. • Felt France would want back Alsace-Lorraine • al-sas-law-reyn • Region they lost to Germany in that war. • Rhine River is located there • A lot of history has taken place there. • GAMEPLAN • To keep France isolated and without allies • Especially between France and Russia • Fight war on both the eastern and western borders

5. 1881 Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia known as the Three Emperors’ League • PURPOSE: Each member had to remain neutral if any one of them went to war. • Ended due to the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia(Slav’s).

6. Slav- one of a group of peoples in eastern, southeastern, and central Europe. • including the Russians and Ruthenia's (Eastern Slavs), the Bulgars, Serbs, Croats, Slavonia's, Slovenes, etc. (Southern Slavs), and the Poles, Czechs, Moravians, Slovaks, etc. (Western Slavs).

7. 1882 Bismarck persuaded Italy to join Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance. • PURPOSE: to isolate France, and now he secured Germany’s eastern and southern flanks.

8. France had been trying to avoid diplomatic isolation. • GOOD MOVE: France helped Russia out of a financial crisis • The two countries signed a military alliance • PROBLEM:Germany now had enemy’s on both the western and eastern borders.

9. Great Britain and Germany were in competition for colonies. • Troubled by German’s navy, the British looked for allies. • Who would that be? • Who did not like Germany? (France and Russia)

10. Triple Entente • The alliance between France, Russia and Great Britain. • 1907- Europe had two armed camps that threatened world peace.

11. PROBLEM • 1) Serbs (Serbia) wanted to gain the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. • 2) The Congress of Berlin had these 2 provinces protectorates of Austria-Hungary. • Which means if someone tried to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina then Austria-Hungary will need to protect it. • 3) Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 • Annex means the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity • CLASS- SERBIA wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina and did not get the province.

12. June 28, 1914 • Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife visited Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina) • Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne • As they rode in an open automobile • Gavrilo Princip, member of a Serbian nationalist group • Assassinated them both.

13. Aftermath • 1) Austria-Hungary secured support of Germany. • Afraid that Russia would support Serbia • 2) Asked for an ultimatum- Demand in which one party threatens harmful action to another party if the other party rejects its proposals • One party threatens harmful action if the demands it has made are not met. • 1) The Serbian government must suppress all groups that opposed the Austro-Hungarian government • 2) Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban books that did not support Austria-Hungary • 3) Serbia must dismiss government official who spoke out against Austria-Hungary • 4) Austro-Hungarian officials must be allowed to participate in the trials of those accused in the assassination • If Serbia did not agree to ultimatum’s terms • Austria-Hungary would use military action

14. The Serbian Government • Accepted the first three terms, but rejected the last. • When the ultimatum deadline expired on July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. • TIME FOR WORLD WAR I • Aka-The Great War • War began 1914

15. Mobilization of Europe • Negotiations with Serbia and Austria-Hungary were useless. • Russia of course supported Serbia by moving troops toward Austria-Hungary’s border. • Germany mobilized their troops in support of Austria-Hungary. • Therefore Russia also sent troops to its border with Germany.

16. Germany’s Ultimatum • Russia stop its mobilization or face war • Russia ignored this ultimatum • August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia • Germany declared war on France two days later • BELGIUM • 1839 won its independence • The great powers of Europe had guaranteed its neutrality • Belgium agreed to stay out of any European war • Agreed not to help any belligerents (warring nations) • In return the great powers agreed not to attack Belgium

17. 1914 Belgium’s location between Germany and France was IMPORTANT. • Germans wanted to defeat France quickly so they could then focus on Russia. • Germany wanted to cross Belgium because the border of France/Germany was heavily fortified. • British protested • Saying Germany must honor the 1839 guarantee of Belgian neutrality. • August 4, 1914, German soldiers marched into Belgium. • Great Britain declared war on Germany later that day.

18. The War Expands • Japan • Entered the war on the side of Great Britain and France • REASON • Motivated to gain German possessions in China and the Pacific • Europe • All the nations of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were at war. • EXCEPT ITALY

19. Italy felt • Austro-Hungarians acted as aggressors • when they declared war on Serbia. • The Triple Alliance, which was meant for defense only, • did not require Italy to give aid to its allies. • Italy remained neutral for 10 months. • But signed a secret treaty with Great Britain, France and Russia • Guaranteed Italy a share of the spoils after the expected defeat of Germany and Austria Hungary.

20. Germany • NEEDED MORE ALLIES • October 1914 the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Austria-Hungary and Germany. • Ottomans- were NOT a strong military power, but controlled a strategic position. • Controlled the strait between the Black Sea an Mediterranean. • Germany could now block the allies of Russia from sending supplies through the Mediterranean and Black Sea.