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The Linnaean System of Classification in Human Evolution

Explore the Linnaean taxonomy in human classification, from Kingdom to Species. Learn about key traits and fossil discoveries of Homo sapiens and other hominids. Dive into the evolutionary journey of our ancestors.

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The Linnaean System of Classification in Human Evolution

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  1. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms • Linnaeus - developed the scientific naming system

  2. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species King • Phillip • Came • Over • From • Great • spain

  3. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification • Genus and species • uses Latin words • Both written in italics (typed) underlined (written) • Genus always capitalized • species always lowercase • Binomial nomenclature - two-part scientific naming system.

  4. Hominid Fossil Record Paleoanthropologist – study fossil evidence of human evolution • Curvature of the spine • position at which the spine attaches to the skull • shape of the pelvis or hipbones • Skull fragment • estimate brain size and wear on fossil tooth can indicate diet

  5. Human Classification Kingdom: Animalia • Multicellular • Heterotroph • Sexual reproduction • Movement • No cell walls Phylum: Chordata • notochord – (nerve chord) Class: Mammalia • warm blooded • Hair • live birth • produce milk

  6. Order: Primate • Suborder: Anthropodia Family: Hominidae • Bipedal – walk on two legs Genus: Homo Species: sapiens • Subspecies: sapiens

  7. Movable fingers & toes • Flattened nails instead of claws • Hands & some feet prehensile • Color vision • Front-facing eyes • broad overlapping field of vision • depth perception Order: Primate • 2 main groups • Prosimians • Anthropoids

  8. #1 Prosimians - oldest living primates. • Mostly small and nocturnal • Lemurs, lorsies, tarsiers • Majority live in trees

  9. Marmosets, monkeys, apes, & humans Well developed collar bone Rotating shoulder joint Partially rotating elbow joint Opposable thumb Similar dental formula (same # & arrangement of teeth) #2 Anthropoids

  10. Anthropoids • Humans & great apes – larger cranial capacity and more complex brain structure • Humans & Chimpanzees - High degree of similarity with DNA (99% identical) • Person to Person – 99.6% identical DNA • No genetic basis for race

  11. Family: Hominidae Bipedal – ability to walk primarily on 2 legs • Cup-shaped pelvis (supports internal organs) • S-shaped spine (upright posture) • Toes are shorter and aligned (balance) • Attachment of spine to underneath the skull • Locking knee-joint • Important adaptive advantage: • foraging • carrying infants and food • using tools Enlargement of brain – more vertical face • areas of brain devoted to the production & understanding of speech

  12. Australopithecus afarensis • Lucy • 3.2 million-year-old fossil • Cranial capacity equal to a chimps • A little over a meter tall • Key – indicated bipedalism originated before large brains • Advantage bipedalism: • Foraging • Carrying infants etc (food) • Tools

  13. Australopithecus africanus • 2.3 – 3 million-years-old • Taller & heavier • Slightly larger cranial capacity

  14. Genus: Homo • Larger cranial capacity • Slightly taller

  15. Homo habilis • “Handy human” • Stone tools • Some speech may have existed • Fact: Tool marks on animal bones • Inference: Ate meat

  16. Homo erectus • “Upright human” • First hominid to travel out of Africa • Thick skull with large brow ridges • low forehead and large protruding teeth • Could have been as tall as modern human • Lived in caves • Fact: Charred bones • Inference: Fire for cooking and warmth

  17. Homo sapiens Neandertals • Heavy bones, thick brow ridges, & protruding teeth • Slightly larger cranial capacity than modern humans • About 5ft tall and heavily built • Lived in caves and stone shelters • Fact: Tools shaped to scrape animal hides • Inference: Clothing

  18. Modern Homo sapiens Cro-magnon • Cranial capacity equal to that of modern humans • High forehead • Lack of protruding brow ridge & teeth • Taller than Neandertals (6 ft) • Efficient homebuilders, tools became more sophisticated • Interbred with Neandertal • Neandertal genes are still in our genome

  19. Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

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