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Development of the Internet in Turkey

This text provides an overview of the development of the Internet in Turkey, including the early networking days, transition to the Internet, and the subsequent development and growth of the Internet in the country.

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Development of the Internet in Turkey

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  1. Development of the Internet in TurkeyAttila ÖzgitMiddle East Technical UniversityDept. of Computer Engineeringozgit@metu.edu.tr A. Özgit

  2. Agenda • 1985 - 1991 Early Days of Networking (EARN/BITNET) • 1991 - 1996 Transition to the Internet • 1996 - 2000 Development of the Internet • 2000 - … A. Özgit

  3. 1985 - 1991 • TUVAKA • Turkish Universities and Research Institutions Network • 29 Universities and TUBITAK • Early Days of Networking • EARN/BITNET Technology • Store-and-Forward Network • IBM Proprietary • Ege University - Pizza (1985 - 1989) • Ege University - Montpellier (1989 - 1994) A. Özgit

  4. TUVAKA Topology (1990) 19 Mayıs KTÜ Atatürk İTÜ Boğaziçi Ü. Yıldız TÜBİTAK MAM YÖK KOSGEB Bilkent Ü. TÜBİTAK Hacettepe Uludağ Erciyes Ü. ODTÜ Anadolu Ü. Fırat Ü. Dicle Ü 9 Eylül G. Antep Ü Çukurova Ege Üni. Akdeniz DAÜ A. Özgit

  5. 1989 - 1991 • Bandwidth Problems • Operational Problems • Older Technology “Tape-Net”  A. Özgit

  6. 1991 • Internet Connection Project by METU • Submitted to TUBITAK • Approved by TUBITAK • NSF and CERN appovals for connections (March 92) • “Looking to the future, please accept our heartiest welcome to the NSFNET family” Goldstein, S. (NSF Program Director) • Decision for NSF connection (May 92) A. Özgit

  7. 1992 - 1993 • 64 Kbps line application to Turkish Telecom - PTT (July 92) • RIPE X.25/IP application (August 92) • Equipment Purchasing - Router, Mgmt. Station, Line Interface - (September 92) • RIPE X.25/IP Connection (October 92) • 64 Kbps leased line connection to NSF (April 93) – 9 Months setup time  A. Özgit

  8. National Internet Connections1991-93 NSF GAZİ TUBİTAK(Marmara) BOĞAZİÇİ Terminal Server UNIX X.25 METU - NET ROUTER BİLKENT ROUTER KHO VINES TÜBİTAK (Merkez) Mixture of SNA and IP TÜBİTAK (SAGE) ANADOLU İTÜ YILDIZ EGE IP/SNA A. Özgit

  9. National Internet Connections (1992) NSF Ondokuz Mayıs Ü. Trakya Ü. Koç Unisys Gazi Ü. Boğaziçi Ü. İTÜ Erciyes Ü. TÜBİTAK MAM TÜBİTAK/ODTÜ Yıldız Ü. Uludağ Ü. Bilkent Ü. Anadolu Ü. TÜBİTAK SAGE KHO Bimel G. Antep Ü 9 Eylül Ü. Merkez Bankası Ege Ü. ODTÜ Erdemli A. Özgit

  10. National Internet Connections (1994) NSF (ABD) Ondokuz Mayıs Kafkas Uni. Koç UNISYS Koç Ü. ASELSAN 100. Yıl Bogaziçi Ü. İTÜ Gazi Ü. ODTÜ Yildiz Ü. TAEK TÜBİTAK MAM Bilkent Ü. Anadolu Ü. TÜBİTAK (New Connections) Info As. Erciyes Ü. KHO 9 Eylül Ü. Merkez Bankası VİS BİMEL Sütçü İmam Ün. Ege Ü. G. Antep Ü Akdeniz Univ. ODTÜ Erdemli Doğu Akdeniz Uni. A. Özgit

  11. Organization • TR-Net Organization - September 1993 The Scientific and Research Middle East Council of Turkey Technical University • TUBITAK`s major contribution: Funding • METU`s Major contribution: Technical Know-How and Infrastructure METU TÜBİTAK A. Özgit

  12. TR-Net Organization1994 • Internet is in the Commercial Sector • 200+ domains (incl. “.com.tr”) - May 1994 • Monthly traffic is over 18 Gigabytes • Many PR events for increasing “public awareness” • National Internet Conferences A. Özgit

  13. TR-Net Organization1995 - 1996 • Many PR events for increasing “public awareness” • Contribution to national Internet and Informatics conferences • Several national and international publications A. Özgit

  14. Ankara Ankara National Internet Backbone Plans 1993 1994 İstanbul 512/64K 512/64K 512/64K İzmir A. Özgit

  15. Further Development Efforts • TR-Net’s offer to Turkish Telecom (PTT): “Setup a backbone and operate it jointly.” (Spring 1995) • Turkish Telekom decided to open a tender for Turkish Internet Backbone (Summer 1995). • Due to poor timing of the tender process, planned and offered capacity had been far behind the demand. • 70% of the revenues go to Turkish Telecom! • Sprint - SATKO - METU signed the contract (March 1996) • TURNET started operation (October 1996) A. Özgit

  16. CI3 TURNET k S3 k k CI Ck CI k1 K K k1 k1 CK Ck1 K1 S1 CS1 CS1 S1 K1 SPRINT SATKO METU CK1 K1 1 Backbone CS2 CI2 2 S2 Service Providers 3 K2 End Users k2 A. Özgit

  17. After TURNET(1997 - 1998) • Disappointment with TURNET • Capacity problems • Operational problems • Major groups started to setup ISPs (e.g. set up of Superonline in 1995; started operations by the end of 1996) • Turkish Telecom monopoly prohibits ISPs to have private lines to Internet backbone. • Nearly 70 ISPs are operational. • Ulak-Net A. Özgit

  18. ULAK-Net 2001see www.ulakbim.gov.tr A. Özgit

  19. After TURNET(1998 - 1999) • TT-Net (Turkish Telecom Network) announced by TT (December 1997) • “Higher Board for Internet” set up under Ministry of Communications (January 1998) • Advisory Role • TT-Net operational by the end of 1999 • SDH/ATM based 622/155 Mbps backbone with 140 access points all over the country • Big Capital Groups showed interest in Internet sector by setting up large ISPs (Mid 1999) - e.g. ixir, e-kolay. A. Özgit

  20. After TURNET(1999 - 2000) • Capacity Problems • International Internet Bandwidth • Access Network • “National Master Plan for Informatics Infrastructure” • Ministry of Communications and TUBITAK • No actions taken as yet A. Özgit

  21. Lately(2000 - 2001) • New Telecom Act (January 2000) • Telecommunications Institution (TK) • The Newest Telecom Act (May 2001) • All rights (regarding to TT) handed over to Treasury • All rights regarding to licensing of telecom services have been given to Telecommunications Institution (TK) • International Bandwidth • 500+ Mbps via ISPs • 300+ Mbps via TT-Net • 50+ Mbps over Ulak-Net (Academic and Research Community) • Nearly 2 million Internet users and 100,000 hosts A. Özgit

  22. A. Özgit

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