Macromolecules

1. Macromolecules

2. Carbohydrates • Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Has proportions of above 1:2:1 • Key sources of energy found in most foods • Building blocks of carbohydrates are simple sugars • Monosaccharide – single sugars, example: glucose (C6H12O6). • Disaccharide – two monosaccharides bonded together, example: sucrose (C12H24O12) • Polysaccharide – multiple monosaccharides or disaccharides bonded together, example: starches, cellulose.

3. Lipids • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (not in a 1:2:1 ratio) • Includes: fats, oils, waxes • Building blocks of lipids are fatty acids • Saturated fats – composed of hydrocarbon chains without double bonds, solid at room temperature • Unsaturated fats – composed of a link of fatty chains that have double bonds and they don’t pack so tightly because they bend, liquid at room temperature • Polyunsaturated fats – contain multiple double bonds, heart healthy fats

4. Protein • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen • Building blocks are amino acids (there are 20 amino acids) • Amino acids are combined in a linear chain. They are then folded in a variety of ways. • Enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and structural proteins

5. Nucleic Acids • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate • Building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides • Nucleotide has three parts: base, sugar and phosphate • Three types: • DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid • Double strand of nucleotides • Hereditary information  • RNA - Ribonucleic acid • Single strand of nucleotides • Needed for protein synthesis • ATP - Adenosine triphosphate • Nucleotide plus two extra phophate groups • Energy source for cells