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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY. Animal Health and Infectious Diseases Prevention MVDr. J. Holejšovský Ph.D. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Institut Tropics and Subtropics Lefcosa/Nicosia June 2009. PART TWO D DANGEROUS INFECTIOUS

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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY

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  1. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECTEuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY Animal Healthand Infectious Diseases Prevention MVDr. J. Holejšovský Ph.D. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Institut Tropics and Subtropics Lefcosa/Nicosia June 2009

  2. PART TWO D DANGEROUS INFECTIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES ZOONOSIS

  3. ZOONOSIS What’s Zoonosis ? Zoonosis is an infection or infestation shared in natureby humans and animals. Zoonoses- transmission of the infectious agent to humans from an ongoing reservoir life cycle in animals, without the permanent establishment of a new life cycle in humans. Animals raised on farms that are well managed (good housing, hygienic conditions , and balanced diet) on most occasions are free of zoonotic diseases that occur naturally in animals

  4. ZOONOSIS Zoonotic agents (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) • Zoonotic agents prevalent in few animal operations (< 5%) • Leptospira • Coxiella brunetii • Zoonotic agents prevalent in many animal operations (1-50%) • Salmonella • Campylobacter • Listeria monocytogenes • Clostridial spp. • Path. Escherichia coli • Cryptospordia • Zoonotic agents ALMOST non existent in animal operations • Brucella spp. • Tuberculosis

  5. Waterborne Zoonoses Pathogens • Cryptosporidium • Giardia • E. Coli 0157:H7 • Salmonella • Leptospiria • Toxoplasma • Campylobacter • Entamoeba • Ascarsis • Viruses and Prions? SARS?

  6. Most Common Foodborne Pathogens • Campylobacter • Salmonella • E. coli 0157:H7 • Yersinia • Listeria • Cryptosporidium • Cyclospora • Norwalk-like viruses

  7. How do human beings become infected ? Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary SciencePennsylvania State University, University Park Direct Contact Indirect Contact feces urine blood saliva

  8. Horses, asses, zebras (Equidae) • Actinobacillus spp. • Anthrax • Brucellosis • Cryptosporidiosis • Equine morbillivirus • Glanders • Leptospirosis • Rabies • Salmonellosis • Yersiniosis Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary SciencePennsylvania State University, University Park

  9. Afipia felis Anthrax Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae Bergeyella zoohelcum Brucella suis Campylobacteriosis Capnocytophaga canimorsus CDC group NO-1 Chlamydia psittaci (feline strain) Cowpox Cutaneous larva migrans Dermatophytosis Dipylidium caninum Leptospirosis Neisseria canis Pasteurella multocida Plague Poxvirus Q-fever Rabies Rickettsia felis Salmonellosis Scabies Sporothrix schenckii Trichinosis Toxoplasmosis Visceral larva migrans Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Cats

  10. Actinobacillus spp. Anthrax Brucellosis Campylobacteriosis Chlamydia trachomatis (ovine) Cryptosporidiosis European tick-borne encephalitis Francisella tularensis Giardiasis Leptospirosis Louping ill Orf Q-fever Rabies Salmonellosis Yersinia enterocolitica Sheep and Goats

  11. Actinomyces pyogenes Anthrax Brucellosis Campylobacteriosis Cowpox Cryptosporidiosis E. coli O157:H7 European tick-borne encephalitis Foot and mouth disease Giardiasis Leptospirosis Mycobacterium bovis Pseudocowpox Q-fever Rabies Salmonellosis Strep. zooepidemicus Taenia saginata Yersinia enterocolitica Dairy Cattle

  12. Anthrax Ascaris suum Botulism Brucella suis Cryptosporidiosis Entamoeba polecki Erysip. rhusiopathiae Flavobacterium Influenza Leptospirosis Pasteurella aerogenes Pasteurella multocida Pigbel Rabies Salmonella cholerae-suis Salmonellosis Sarcosporidiosis Scabies Strep.dysgalactiae (group L) Streptococcus milleri Strep. suis type 2 (group R) Swine vesicular disease Taenia solium Trichinella spiralis Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Swine

  13. Diseases Acquired From Rabbits and Hares • Brucella suis biotype 2 • Cheyletiella infestation • Francisella tularensis • Plague • Q-fever • Trichophyton mentagrophytes

  14. Anthrax: The Agent • Bacillus anthracis– Gram positive spore-forming bacteria • Forms spores • Human disease • Skin • Intestinal • Pulmonary • Animal disease • Septicemia and rapid death

  15. Tularemia: The Agent • Francisella tularensis • Transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin • Six clinical forms in humans Glandular Ulceroglandular

  16. Tularemia: The Agent • Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats • Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness, prostration, and death • Wildlife • Usually find dead • Rabbits behave strangely • Cattle, older pigs resistant

  17. Brucellosis: The Agent • Gram-negative bacteria • Ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact • Clinical signs • Humans: cyclic fever and flu-like symptoms • Animals: reproductive signs

  18. Brucellosis: The Agent

  19. Glanders: The Agent • Burkholderia mallei: Gram-negative • Transmission by ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact • Animal-to-human transmission is inefficient • Clinical signs • Humans & horses: cutaneous & pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness

  20. Rabies Common Carriers Cats Dogs Raccoons Skunks Bats Foxes

  21. Transmission Animal Bite Contact with infected tissue, fluids or feces Clinical presentation Fever Headache Agitation Confusion Seizures Excessive salivation Rabies

  22. Psittacosis Common Carriers Pigeons Parrots Turkeys Parakeets

  23. Transmission Inhalation from infected birds Carcasses Secretions Contaminated facilities Clinical presentation Fever Headache Pneumonia Psittacosis

  24. Toxoplasmosis Common carriers Cats Sheep

  25. Transmission Ingestion of infected meats Fecal contaminated soil Clinical Presentation Fever Swollen nodes Abortion Still-birth Mental retardation Toxoplasmosis

  26. Scabies Common Carriers Dogs Raccoons

  27. Transmission Direct contact with infected animals Clinical presentation Itching skin lesions Scabies

  28. Primarily affects people who workwith animals or animal products (slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, farmers, dairy workers) Four different species of Brucella are known to infect humans Brucella sp.

  29. Species Animal reservoir • B. abortus Cattle • B. suis Swine Goats and sheep • B. melitensis • B. canis Dogs Brucella reservoir

  30. Morphology & physiology • Fastidious & aerobic • Facultative intracellular • Gram negative • non motile cocobacilli

  31. Brucellosis in animals • Transmitted by contact with infected tissue or milk (oral, aerosol or abrasion) • Predilection for erythritol rich organs (breast, uterus, epididymis, ect.) • Abortions, mastitis and sterility

  32. Brucellosis in humans • Skin abrasion, conjunctivae, inhalation or ingestion • Engulfed by neutrophils and monocytes (resistant to killing) • Localize regional lymph nodes • Infect phagocytic cells in the RE system and form granulomas

  33. Symptoms • Aches, chills, fever (undulating) • Drenching sweating • Fatigue, myalgia, muscle weakness • Relapse common

  34. Diagnosis • Symptoms and history • Blood culture on enriched media (slow: 4-6 weeks) • Organisms grow very slowly (6 weeks) • Serology (titer >640) • Skin test with brucellergin - delayed-type

  35. Treatment • Prolonged use (several months) of rifampin with tetracycline or streptomycin

  36. Escherichia coli O157:H7 • Bacteria:Facultative anaerobic,motile or nonmotile GNR • Source:Intestines of animals and poultry • Illness:Hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) • Symptoms:(HC) diarrhea & vomiting, HUS) diarrhea & acute renal failure, TTP) diarrhea, GI hemorrhage, blood clots in brain

  37. Escherichia coli O157:H7 • Foods:Meat, poultry, potatoes, raw milk • Transmission:Cross-contamination, sewage pollution of coastal waters • Control:Proper cooking, temperature control, preventing cross-contamination, proper personal hygiene

  38. Salmonella spp. • Bacteria: Facultative anaerobic, motile, GNR • Source: Intestine of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles • Illness: Infection (gastroenteritis) • Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever

  39. Salmonella spp. Foods: Poultry, poultry salads, meats, dairy products, egg products Transmission: Cross-contamination, human contamination, sewage pollution of coastal waters Control: Proper cooking, temperature, preventing cross-contamination, personal hygiene

  40. How does Salmonella gain access to a farm ? Most important sources of infection Replacement calves trucks heifer/ cows birds /pests feed water visitors Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary SciencePennsylvania State University, University Park

  41. Personal hygiene practices on farm for preventing illnesses Wash hands with soap and waterbefore and after: 1. Attending sick animals 2. Handling animals 3. Manure handling Dress and boots 1. Change into farm boots on the farm 2. Wash farm boots regularly 3. Leave farm boots on the farm 4. Wash and disinfect farm clothes IF available: shower before leaving the farm Avoid drinking and eating on animal housing units Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary SciencePennsylvania State University, University Park

  42. Agents of Bioterrorism

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