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Organic Chemistry Bonding Rules & Functional Groups Overview

Learn the fundamental rules for bonding in organic chemistry, including the Octet Rule and the Big Eight Functional Groups. Discover how to name and identify organic compounds, such as alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, and more. Explore key concepts with examples and drawings in this comprehensive guide.

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Organic Chemistry Bonding Rules & Functional Groups Overview

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  1. Rules for Bonding in Organic Chemistry • Every atom but Hydrogen MUST have 8 electrons while bonded. • Carbon forms 4 bonds (C has 4 valence e-) • Nitrogen forms 3 bonds (N has 5 valence e-) • Oxygen forms 2 bonds (O has 6 valence e-) • Hydrogen forms 1 bond (H breaks the octet rule) • Halogens form 1 bond (all have 7 valence e-) The Octet Rule!

  2. Organic Chemistry • Rules for naming organic compounds • Determine longest straight carbon chain • Locate All Functional Groups • Follow rules for All Functional Groups • Organic Compounds are made from non-metals forming covalent bonds with each other.

  3. The Big Eight Functional Groups of Organic Compounds • Alcohols • Aldehydes • Amines • Carboxylic Acids • Esters • Ethers • Halides • Keytones

  4. Identifying Alcohols .. .. • R-O-H • an oxygen atom is inserted between any carbon atom and one of its hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon • To Name:# of C the “O” is bound to -hydrocarbon and change the ending “-e” to “-ol” • Example:H H H H-C-C-C-O-H H H H .. .. 1-propanol

  5. Naming and Drawing Alcohols H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-H H H H H ethanol .. 1-butanol .. H H H-C-C-H H :O: H

  6. Identifying Aldehydes A Terminal carbonyl group (C=O) on a carbon chain. :O: R– C – H To Name: Name the carbon chain, add the ending “-al” rather than “e” Example: H H :O: H-C-C- C-H H H propanal

  7. Naming and Drawing Aldehydes H :O: H–C– C–H _______________ H pentanal ethanal H H H H :O: H-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H

  8. Identifying Amines • A terminal -NH2 group on a carbon chain. • To Name: carbon chain “-yl” “amine” H HH • Example:H–C C – C – N-H H HHH .. amine Propyl

  9. Naming and Drawing Amines H H H H H–C – C – C – C – N –H ____________ H H H H H .. Butyl amine H H H–N – C –H H Methyl amine ..

  10. Identifying Carboxylic Acids .. :O: A terminal R-C-O-H group on a carbon chain Name: carbon chain “–oic acid” H H :O: Example: H–C – C – C-O-H H H .. .. .. propan oic acid

  11. Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids H :O: H–C – C -O-H H ethanoic acid H H H H :O: H–C – C – C – C – C-O-H H H H H .. .. .. .. .. Pentanoic acid

  12. Identifying Esters :O: A carbon chain broken by R–C- O-R’ To Name: C=O chain“-yl” long chain “-oate” H :O:H H H Example:H-C – C-O-C- C-C-H HH H H .. .. .. .. Ethyl propanoate

  13. Naming and Drawing Esters H H :O: H H H H H-C-C- C-O-C-C- C-C-H __________ H H H H H H  ethyl methanoate .. Propyl butanoate .. H :O: H H-C- C-O-C-H H H .. ..

  14. Identifying Ethers • An oxygen atom breaks up a chain of carbon atoms into two chains: R-O-R’ To Name: short carbon chain “-yl”, long carbon chain”-yl” “ether” Example: H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H .. .. Propyl-butyl ether

  15. Naming and Drawing Ethers H H H H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H H H methyl propylether .. .. Butyl hexyl ether H H H H H-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H .. ..

  16. Identifying Halides • A hydrogen has been replaced by one of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I orAt) • To Name: “# carbon of substitution”- “prefix of halogen–o” – “longest carbon chain” • Example: H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H Cl H H H 3-chloro-hexane

  17. Naming and Drawing Halides H H H F H H-C-C-C-C-C-H ________________ H H H H H 2-bromo-propane 2 – fluoro-pentane H Br H H-C-C-C-H H H H

  18. Identifying Keytones :O: R–C–R’ An oxygen atom is doubly bound to a carbon atom in the middle of a carbon chain To Name: carbon chain with the # carbon of the carbonyl group ending in “-one” Example: H :O: H H H H-C –C – C-C C -H H H H H 2-pentanone

  19. Naming Keytones H H :O: H H H H H-C-C–C–C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H 2-hexanone 3-heptanone H :O: H H H H H-C – C – C -C-C-C-H H H H H H

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