Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 25 Social Mediation of Behavior

1. Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 25 Social Mediation of Behavior

2. Announcements • New postings of lecture notes: Bspace • https://bspace.berkeley.edu/portal/site/712dd6d6-8012-4634-b0c7- 4124b20b7146/page/9f805fa2-2d3a-44cb-b21b-88c59a91b0be • Lecture notes found under Resources • Exam 3 • Review session: Monday Dec 8, 6 pm, Tolman 5101 • In class exam, Wed. Dec 10th • NO final • Textbook error: Figure 14.18 • Should say “Lose £ 30” instead of “Keep £ 30”

3. Requirements for Goal-Oriented Behavior • Working memory(lateral PFC) • 2. Cognitive control processes (lateral PFC and MFC) • Planning • Task management • Attention and selection • Monitoring • Motivation • Personal: What I want to achieve • Social: Constrained by what is socially appropriate

4. The Dilemma of the Commuter

5. Ventromedial PFC Selection and inhibition in social/emotional contexts NOTE: Includes orbitofrontal region

6. Case studies of ventromedial lesions 1. Phineas Gage

7. Case studies of ventromedial lesions 1. Phineas Gage New Trend in Piercing: The Gauge The Gauge consists of a four- to six-inch rod driven through the top of the eye socket and up through to the top of the skull. “It’s a fairly safe procedure. The most important thing is keeping the wound clean, which means sanitizing it twelve times daily. And no showers. You wouldn’t want water getting in there; that could kill you.”

8. Case studies of ventromedial lesions 1. Phineas Gage 2. Edward Muybridge Shimamura’s re-analysis (see website article) -- bookkeeper, photographer, acquitted murderer “The jury discarded the theory of insanity… acquitting the defendant on the ground that he was justified in killing Larykns for seducing his wife.” SF Chronicle, 2/7/1875

9. Case studies of ventromedial lesions 1. Phineas Gage 2. Edward Muybridge 3. Home Depot Man EMovie: 0:00 - 0:46 (patient description) 2:19 - 7:23 ( “impulsiveness” to “one at a time”) Combo tape (Home Depot Man) Patient Review 11:27 – 12:38 Discussion 15:00 – 19:57

10. Symptoms evident from group studies of ventromedial damage Imitative behavior: Stimulus-driven behavior in social context.

11. Symptoms evident from group studies of ventromedial damage Imitative behavior: Stimulus-driven behavior in social context. Utilization behavior: The Needle!!

12. Paradoxical behavior of patients with ventromedial damage. Lesions lead to socially inappropriate behavior. Yet general cognitive capabilities, including meta-cognition of their inappropriate actions persist. Retain insight that their behavior was wrong. Actions aren’t constrained by considering social and emotional consequences. EMovie: OFC_16min 7:20 – 9:58 (cog abilities to wife) 15:05 – 16:45 (legal record)

13. Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Emotional/Social Mediation of Behavior 1. Loss of emotional influence on decision making Strong anatomical links to amygdala/limbic system, regions associated with affective (emotional) memory and learning. Interaction with these memories mediates current selection of goals and actions.

14. Somatic Marker Hypothesis • Somatic sensations: Bodily feelings • Can be pleasant or unpleasant. • Memories are tagged with somatic markers • Feelings associated with those memories.

15. Somatic Marker Hypothesis • Somatic sensations: Bodily feelings • Can be pleasant or unpleasant. • Memories are tagged with somatic markers • Feelings associated with those memories. • Activation of a goal involves retrieval of somatic markers associated with previous actions related to that goal. • Enhance or inhibit certain types of representations and resulting actions • “Gut feeling” in a real sense.

16. Somatic Marker Hypothesis • Somatic sensations: Bodily feelings • Can be pleasant or unpleasant. • Memories are tagged with somatic markers • Feelings associated with those memories. • Activation of a goal involves retrieval of somatic markers associated with previous actions related to that goal. • Enhance or inhibit certain types of representations and resulting actions • Emotion guiding reason

17. Two approaches to decision making

18. Emotion and decision making: Measure autonomic galvanic skin response -- in response to reinforcement -- in anticipation of reinforcement (choice)

19. Pile A: High payoff and high risk Pile B: Low payoff and low risk Ventromedial PFC patients show affective response to reinforcement, although it is attenuated.

20. Pile A: High payoff and high risk Pile B: Low payoff and low risk BUT the patients show minimal affective response in anticipation to choice behavior.

21. Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Emotional/Social Mediation of Behavior • Loss of emotional influence on decision making • Loss of ability to represent value associated with different response options.

22. Neuroeconomics: Neural correlates of decision making Representation of value in ventromedial PFC Color: Type of Juice Number: Drops of juice Animal has strong preference for Juice A (compare 1:2 vs. 2:1)

23. Neuroeconomics: Neural correlates of decision making Representation of value in ventromedial PFC Color: Type of Juice Number: Drops of juice VM PFC Neuron coding choice value 1:3, 1:2, 6:1, 10:1 Strong value 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 Indifferent 0:1, 2:0 No choice

24. Neuroeconomics: Neural correlates of decision making Representation of value in ventromedial PFC Color: Type of Juice Number: Drops of juice VM PFC Neuron representing choice of “B”. Note no response to 2:0 (no choice)

25. Neuroeconomics: Neural correlates of decision making Representation of value in ventromedial PFC Subjective value: Discounting of reward with delay. $20 now or $21 in one week? $20 now or $50 in one week?

26. Neuroeconomics: Neural correlates of decision making Representation of value in ventromedial PFC Subjective value: Discounting of reward with delay. $20 now or $21 in one week? $20 now or $50 in one week? VM PFC and posterior cingulate activity varies with subjective value. a. Increase with reward. b. Decrease with delay. c. Increase when delay is chosen because it is more valuable.

27. Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Social Mediation of Behavior • Loss of emotional influence on decision making • Loss of ability to represent value associated with different response options. • Gambling task requires maintaining relative value of the two decks.

28. Consequences of failure to consider multiple options and their reward value: Collecting Behavior Of 86 lesion patients, 13 became collectors. All had ventromedial lesions. "A right-handed female homemaker with 12 years of education underwent resection of an olfactory groove meningioma at age 69 years, and subsequently developed severe collecting behavior. She completely filled a two-car garage with assorted items, primarily broken or otherwise useless items salvaged from others’ discard piles (e.g. furniture, appliances, clothing, pet supplies, lawn ornaments). She did not exercise any apparent selection criteria. She made no attempt to use, repair or organize the possessions. Her closets and drawers were overflowing, and more clothing (most of which no longer fit her) was stacked throughout the house. She refused to discard any possessions or allow others to do so, and was very resistant to attempts to manage her collecting behavior."

29. Comparing Lateral and VM PFC Allow behavior to be flexible. Represent goals and through links to other brain regions, relevant information associated with those goals. Working memory systems. Lateral PFC Anatomically linked to posterior cortex. Representations of external information. VM PFC Anatomically linked to limbic system. Representations of internally-based value ( related to personal experience, emotional associations).