The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era Chapter 9 Section 2 Mrs. Ferrell

2. A Woman’s Job is never done! • Farmers, Industrial workers, and domestic workers. • Plow, raise livestock, and raise children. • 1 out 5 American women held jobs • 25% of them in manufacturing Jobs in stores, classrooms, and offices. These jobs required a High school education. Clean for other families. In 1870 nearly 70% of women employed were servants.

3. Women and Education • Vassar College—8 men and 22 women—accepted first students in 1865. • Smith and Wellesly Colleges founded in 1875. • Separate college for women. • By the late 19th century women had other options beside marriage. • Women begin to focus on social reform.

4. Acronyms • NACW—National Association of Colored Women. Managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens. • NAWSA—National American Woman Suffrage Association. • Liquor industry feared that women would vote in support of prohibition. • Textile industry feared they would vote against child labor. • Men just feared the changing role of women.

5. Susan B. Anthony • Proponent leader during the women’s suffrage movement. • “I’ll sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for women.” • Along with Cady Staton founded the National Women Suffrage Association.

6. 3-Part Strategy • Grant WOMEN the right to vote • Pursued court cases to test the 14th Amendment—declared that states denying their male citizens the right to vote. • Susan B. Anthony attempted to vote! • In 1875 Supreme Court ruled women are citizens too! • National Constitutional Amendment to grant women the right to vote. • All of these reforms were supported by Teddy Roosevelt.

7. Teddy Roosevelt • President 1901 • Boxer • Wrestled • Horse back rider • Served 3 years in the New York State Assembly • Asst. Secretary of the U.S. Navy

8. Teddy Roosevelt • Rough Riders • Battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba. • Returned a hero • Elected Governor of New York. • Later won Vice-President

9. Modern Presidency • Used his popularity to advance his programs. • Leadership and publicity campaign’s shape the way for future presidents. • It is the federal governments responsibility to take control when the states proved to be incapable of dealing with problems. • “bully pulpit”—influence the media and shape legislation. • If you were taken advantage of by big business, Roosevelt made sure you got a Square Deal. Various progressive reforms offered by is administration.

10. Trustbusting • Powerful people owned the big businesses and had a lot of political power. • Higher prices for their products due to no competition. • Filed 44 suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. • Won several of these cases. • Unable to slow the merger movement in business.

11. 1902 Coal Strike • 140,000 workers on strike in Pennsylvania. • 20% raise • 9 hour workday • Union • Roosevelt intervenes calling both sides to the White House. • Arbitration Commission—3rd party that would work for both sides to mediate the dispute. • Miners win 10% pay increase, 9 hour workday. • All workers must belong to the Union. • When a strike threatened the public welfare the federal government was to step in.

12. Meat Inspection Act • 1906 Roosevelt pushed for the Meat Inspection Act which dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection.

13. Pure Food and Drug Act • 1906 • Stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. • Given accurate information people would act wisely.

14. Civil Rights • Failed to support civil rights for AA. • Did support some individual AA’s. • Booker T. Washington was invited to the White House. • Blamed black poverty on blacks and urged them to accept discrimination.

15. NAACP • W.E.B. Du Bois along with other AA and whites formed the NAACP in 1909. • Fight injustice and inequality among AA. • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. • Over 6,000 by 1914. • Full equality among the races. • Little support during the Progressive Movement.

16. William Howard Taft • Ran against William Jennings Bryan. • “Vote for Taft this time, you can vote for Bryan any time.” • Republican • Did not want to expand Roosevelt’s reforms. • Didn’t want to use presidential bully tactics. • Tariffs and Conservation posed as his first problems.

17. Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Campaign lowering tariffs. • Compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich Bill. • “The best tariff bill the Republican party ever passed.”

18. Disputing Public Lands • Sec. Of interior Richard A. Ballinger • Disapproved of conservationist controls on western land. 1 million acres removed of forest and mining lands and returned back to the public domain.

19. Bull Moose Party • Est. 1912 • Progressive Party • “Strong as a bull Moose”—Roosevelt • Advocated women suffrage, workmen’s comp, 8 hour workday, minimum wage for women, laws against child labor, trade commission to regulate business.

20. Woodrow Wilson • End to Capitalism. • Small business and free market competition. • Monopolies are evil!! • 42% of popular vote, won the electoral victory and a Democratic majority in Congress. • 3 party candidate, Wilson beat Taft in the popular vote and electoral votes. • Break-up trust and expand the government role in social reform.

21. Wilson • Supported workmen’s comp and the regulation of public utilities and railroads. • “New Freedom” • Triple wall of privilege: • Trust • Tariffs • High Finance

22. Antitrust Measures • Clayton Antitrust Act—1914; prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly. • Strikes, peaceful picketing, boycotts became legal. • Injunctions against strikers became illegal. • Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—1914; “Watch Dog” agency, power to investigate possible violations or regulatory statues. • 400 cease and desist orders to companies engaged in illegal activity.

23. Tariffs and Taxes • Senate votes to cut tariffs. • Replace the revenue that tariffs provided. • 16th Amendment legalized federal income tax, provided revenue by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits. • Larger incomes taxed larger amounts. • By 1917 the government was receiving more money on the income tax than it had ever gained from tariffs.

24. Federal Reserve System • Money supply and credit availability had to keep pace with the economy. • Federal Reserve Act of 1913—divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional bank in each district. “Bankers Bank” • Issue new paper currency in emergency situations. • Still the Nations banking system.

25. Women Can Vote!!! • 19th Amendment—granting women the right to vote. • August 1920 • 72 years after women had first organized and demanded the vote at the Seneca Fall convention in 1848.

26. 5 BONUS POINTS • What actions of Wilson disappointed civil rights advocates?