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Overview of the Respiratory System: Structure and Function

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the respiratory system, detailing its key constituents, including the respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) as well as the lungs and pleura. The main function of the respiratory system is discussed, focusing on the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Additionally, the anatomy of the nose is explored in depth, including the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The anatomy of the larynx, its cartilages, muscles, and their roles in breathing and voice production are also covered.

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Overview of the Respiratory System: Structure and Function

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  1. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 6RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  2. Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 1.Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and its branches 2. Lungs 3. Pleura and plural cavity * Function: exchange O2 and CO2 mainly * (Mediastinum)

  3. Ⅱ. Nose: • 1. External nose— • 2. Nasal cavity— limen nasi • nasal vestibule • proper nasal cavity • nasal septum • lateral wall of nasalcavity • 3.Paranasal Sinuses— • frontal sinus • maxillary sinus • sphenoidal sinus • ethmoidal sinus

  4. The formation of the nasal septum 2 Bones, 1 Cartilage, Nasal mucous membrane: olfactory region respiratory region The longitudinal plate of ethmoid bone The cartilage of nasal septum The vomer back

  5. Ⅱ. Nose: • 1.Nasal cavity— • nasal vestibule • proper nasal cavity • limen nasi • nasal septum • lateral wall of nasalcavity • ---superior, middle and inferior • nasal conchae • ---superior, middle and inferior • nasal meatuses • ---the openings of the paranasal • sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct • 2. paranasal sinuses: • frontal sinus • maxillary sinus • sphenoidal sinus • ethmoidal sinus

  6. The openings of the paranasal sinuses

  7. Ⅲ. Larynx 1. Position: It is located at anterior part of neck, in front of 4~6 cervical vertebrae 2. Framework: It is formed by laryngeal cartilages and their articulations • Cartilages: thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottic cartilage arytenoid cartilage (paired)

  8. Thyroid cartilage sup. cornu Laryngeal prominence sup. thyroid notch lamina anterior angle Laminae of thyroid cartilage inf. cornu Anterior view posterior view

  9. Arytenoid cartilages Muscular process Vocal process Muscular process Vocal process Cricoid arch Cricoid cartilage Cricoid lamina Anterior view posterior view

  10. Epiglottic cartilage Anterior view posterior view

  11. 5 4 2 1 3 • Articulation: 1. cricothyroid joint:rotate around the coronary axis 2. cricoarytenoid joints:rotate around the vertical axis 3. conus elasticus:free and thicked upper border formed the vocal ligament 4. quadrangular membrane:free lower border formed vestibular ligament 5. thyrohyoid membrane

  12. Thyrohyoid membrane Quadrangular membrane Conus elasticus Lateral view Lateral view

  13. 3. Laryngeal cavity 3 parts: laryngeal vestibule intermediate cavity of larynx infraglottic cavity by 2 fissures— vestibular fissure fissure of glottis laryngeal inlet vestibular fold vocal fold ventricle of larynx

  14. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

  15. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

  16. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

  17. Ⅳ.The trachea and main bronchus: Bifurcation of trachea

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