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Understanding Neurons: Structure, Function, and Role in the Nervous System

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Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. They work by generating action potentials and communicating across synapses. This article explores the different types of neurons and their functions, the role of neuroglial cells like astrocytes and microglia, and the significance of myelin sheaths in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Learn how neurons process stimuli, the mechanisms behind saltatory conduction, and the intricate interactions at the neuromuscular junction.

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Understanding Neurons: Structure, Function, and Role in the Nervous System

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  1. Neurons • Neurons and neuroglia (multiple sclerosis and neuroglia) • Where are neurons in the body? • Types of neurons and their functions • How do neurons work? • Action potentials • Synapses

  2. Cell body with nucleus Axon (carries message) Note Schwann cells Dendrites (bring stimulus to cell body) Axonal terminus The Basics of a Neuron

  3. Neurons and neuroglial cells • Axon in peripheral nervous system with myelin sheeth formed by Schwann cells • Provides for insulation and allows for saltatory propagation of action potentials

  4. Neuroglial cells in CNS

  5. Neuroglial cells in CNS • Astrocytes • Most abundant and versatile • Control chemical environment around neurons • Also signal among themselves with slow chemical signals • Microglia • Monitor health of neurons and transform into immune macrophages (normal immune cells have no access to CNS) • Ependymal cells • Line cavities of brain/CNS • Barrier between CSF and tissue fluid • Cilia beat to move CSF • Oligodendrocytes • Myelin sheaths in CNS

  6. Types of Neurons--structural classes

  7. Types of Neurons—where in body

  8. Types of neurons--examples

  9. How do neurons work—action potentials

  10. Measuring membrane potential

  11. Diffusion and action potential

  12. Saltatory conduction and role of Schwann cells

  13. What happens at the end—chemical synapse • Neuro-muscular junction is synapse between motor unit and muscle cell (motor unit)

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