KCCT Review

1. KCCTReview

2. PART 1 • THE WRITING PROCESS

3. Analyzing the New Writing Process:Focusing: WR-M-4.7.0 • Connecting to content knowledge • Connecting with prior learning and experience • Initiating an authentic reason to write • What does “authentic” mean? • Thinking about a subject, experience, question, issue or problem to determine a meaningful reason to write

4. Prewriting: WR-M-4.8.0 • Selecting/narrowing topic • Establishing a purpose and central idea/focus • Identifying and analyzing the audience • Determining the most appropriate form to meet the needs of purpose and audience • Recording ideas (e.g., reading, journaling, mapping, webbing, note taking, interviewing, researching, writing-to-learn activities) • Organizing ideas- examining other models of good writing, text structures, and ways to organize information

5. Drafting: WR-M-4.9.0 • Writing drafts for intended audience • Developing topic, elaborating ideas, exploring sentence variety and language use

6. Revising: WR-M-10.0 • Reflecting to determine where to add, delete, rearrange, define/refine, or elaborate content • Conferencing • Checking for accuracy of content • Comparing with rubric criteria and models of the form • Considering effectiveness of language usage and sentences to communicate ideas

7. Editing (Conventions and Mechanics) WR-M-4.11.0 • Checking for correctness (using resources- spell check, dictionaries, thesauri, handbooks) • Language usage • Sentence structure • Spelling • Capitalization • Punctuation • Documentation of sources

8. Publishing:WR-M-12.0 • Sharing final piece with intended audience

9. Reflecting: WR-M-4.13.0 • Reflecting upon • Goals as a writer • Progress and growth as a writer • Who or what has influenced progress and growth • Approaches used when composing (e.g., free-writing, researching, drawing, webbing)

10. Purpose in Reading • Purpose in reading helps determine what is important in the reading. • Establishing a purpose helps eliminate: • Daydreaming while reading • Just “saying” the words so you can be done • Boredom while reading • Losing focus

11. The Reading Process • Pre-Read: Make predictions based on the text features (title, pictures, captions, headings, etc.), summary, inside cover, back cover, author’s name, content from class • Read: Continually make predictions about what will happen next, stopping occasionally to think about what you have read so far (chunking information) • Re-Read: To double check information • Reflect: Think about what you have read in order to make sense of it

12. YOU TRY! Review Quiz! • 1. We discussed 7 steps in the Writing Process. Number 1-7 on your paper and list them. • 2. Number 1-4 on your paper and name the 4 Reading Process steps that we discussed.

13. PART 2 • EXPERIENCES & PATTERNS

14. REVIEW QUESTIONS: What does Narrate mean? What is a Narrative? What is a Narrator? What is Point of View? What is a personal narrative? What is the point of view ALWAYS for a personal narrative? What is a concrete detail? What is a sensory detail? What is a snapshot? What is a thoughtshot?

15. Personal Narrative Writing: Our experiences help make us who we are. Our experiences make us unique. Memories of our experiences evoke many feelings (some happy, some sad) and images (the way things taste, smell, look and sound). Your life is a constant chain of experiences and interactions with people that shape who you are. You need to make sure you remember the ones that are most important to you. Recording these experiences in writing is an excellent way to make sure you never forget who you are.

16. YOU TRY!On the chart below, fill in your memories, details and people.

17. Review of Poetic Devices Imagery: Language that appeals to the five senses Figurative Language:Images that can not be taken literally (simile, metaphor, personification) Simile: A comparison using like or as Example: Night is like a chimney. Metaphor: A comparison that does NOT use like or as Example: Night is a chimney. Personification:Giving an object human characteristics Example: I looked the sun straight in the eye. He put on dark glasses. Alliteration: The repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words in the same line Example: Keeping clean is contagious.

18. YOU TRY! Grab a literature book off of the shelf. Find the poem “Valentine for Ernest Mann”. Read the poem and identify (write down) a simile, metaphor, and personification in the poem. Write your own example of a sentence containing alliteration.

19. Review of Literary Terms: • Character: • Person in the story • Protagonist: • The character you are pulling for • Antagonist: • The character you do not want to see get what he/she wants • CHARACTERIZATION: How the character is developed • Direct characterization: (TELLS) the writer makes direct statements about a character’s personality and tells what the character is like. • Indirect characterization: (SHOWS) the writer reveals information about a character and his personality through that character's thoughts, words, and actions, along with how other characters respond to that character, including what they think and say about him. • Setting: • The time and place of the story’s action

20. Review of Literary Terms: • Conflict: • The problem that must be resolved • (internal or external) • Theme: • The main idea of the story or, • What the story is REALLY about. • Point of View (Narrator): • Viewpoint from which the story is told. • Symbolism: • Something that represents more than what it appears.

21. Review of Literary Terms: • Author’s Purpose: • The reason for writing (to inform, to express, to persuade, to entertain) • Irony: • The difference between how you might expect something to be and how it actually is. • Foreshadowing: • Using clues provided by the author to predict what will happen next (it builds suspense) • Suspense: • A feeling of curiosity, or even dread, about what will happen next in a story.

22. Review of Literary Terms: • Plot: • Basic structure of the story; a series of related events • Exposition- background information about characters and setting that is important to the rest of the story • Rising Action- develops the conflict (majority of the story) • Climax- point of highest interest, conflict, or suspense in the story • Falling Action- shows what happens to the character(s) after the climax • Resolution- the final outcome

23. ConflictInternal and External • Conflict deals with a struggle the character is facing. Conflict is always internal or external. It’s also one of three things: • If the conflict is man vs. man, it’s a struggle between people. • If the conflict is man vs. nature, it’s a struggle between people and the elements of nature. • If the conflict is man vs. self, the struggle comes from within the character.

24. YOU TRY! • Now you try. Come up with examples of each yourself. Also include whether the conflict is internal or external. • Man vs. Man Title: _________________ Internal or External? __________ • Man vs. Nature Title: _________________ Internal or External? __________ • Man vs. Self Title: _________________ Internal or External? _________

25. DIRECT AND INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION • When you were younger, you were taught to use adjectives to describe something. Adjectives are describing words. This is called direct characterization because the writer directly tells you the adjective that describes the character. • Example of Direct Characterization: He was brave when he saw the bear. • Now that you are a maturing writer, you should show your character in ways that describe him/her for the reader. The way a character speaks, looks, acts, dresses, thinks, and shows the reader who the character is in a more subtle way. This is called indirect characterization because the writer indirectly describes the character by showing rather than telling. • Example of Indirect Characterization: He stared the bear in the eyes. His steady hands held the knife. In his mind, he knew that this could be it for him. Sweat poured from his forehead and dripped from his brow like a tear falling from a face. The bear had no idea how afraid the boy truly was.

26. We will read the following information and discuss. Think about which form of characterization is most effective in helping the reader understand the character.

27. YOU TRY!  Read the adjective provided in the column marked Direct Characterization and then write a description of the character using Indirect Characterization in the blanks provided.

28. PART 3 COMMUNICATION (TO PERSUADE)

29. When writing a piece of transactive writing, the purpose will often be to PERSUADE your audience. When readinga piece of transactive writing, the purpose will often be to PERSUADE you.

30. Argument and supporting evidence are the tools used in persuasion.

31. Graphic Organizer for Persuasion Begin broadly to engage the reader. Your opinion should be clear. Introduction SupportingEvidence Reason or point one Transition SupportingEvidence Reason or point two Transition SupportingEvidence Reason or point three Address other side’s argument. Restate the point you’re making by summarizing. Conclusion 2

32. Persuasive Techniques • Being able to convince • To bring about an action or belief • Propaganda Techniques • Spreading information to help or hurt a cause.

34. PART 4 COMMUNICATION (TO INFORM)

35. Text Features: Examples • title(catchy and related to the topic) • subtitle (summarizes the content of the article- narrows focus) • headings(to break down the information into groups) • bullets(when a list is in no certain order) • fonts(for effect) • white space (for separation of information) layout(it’s like designing how the article will look; columns and placement of text features) charts and diagrams(for additional information related to the topic of the article) boldface print(for emphasis) pictures (for visual understanding) captions (to quickly explain the picture)

36. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION

37. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. • Synonym: Words that have the same (or nearly the same meaning) example: large/massive YOU TRY YOUR example: _____/_____ • Antonym: Words that have the opposite meaning example: angry/calm YOU TRY! YOUR example: _____/_____

38. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. Literary Genre’s: • Myths: a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event • Epics: a long narrative poem about the many deeds or a great hero • Poems: literature written in verse form • Novels: a long work of prose fiction • Dramas: the literary genre of work intended for the theater

39. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. TIPS FOR READING A POEM: • Read from the inside out---just read and enjoy it! • The first time you read the poem, pay special attention to the punctuation (especially periods and commas). Pause only at a punctuation mark. NOT at the end of each line. • Pay attention to EACH WORD. • Pay attention to the title---the meaning of the poem sometimes hides here!

40. (Poetry Continued….) • Rhyme—chiming effect that adds to the music of a poem. • EndRhyme—rhyme occurs at the end of each line • Couplet—when two rhyming lines are consecutive • Internal Rhyme—rhymes occur within the lines

41. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. Cause & Effect A cause is the reason something happens, an effect is the result. Cause & Effect Clue Words • since • reason • due to • then • so • because • as a result • therefore

42. (Cause & Effect cont….)YOU TRY! Indicate the cause and effect for each sentence. • The heavy rain was the reason for the flooding. • She saved her money for more than a year, so she will now travel abroad. • Jeremy was badly sunburned due to being out in the sun without sunscreen all day. • As a result of eating too much food at the party, Maggie felt sick all night.

43. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. Point of View • First-person—when a character tells the story using the pronoun I • Third-person—when an outside narrator is telling the story using the pronouns they, he, and she • Second-person—uses the pronoun you (used in some types of informational writing)

44. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. Fact & Opinion A fact is something that can be proven through experience, history, science, or math. An opinion is based on the writer’s thoughts, feelings, values, assumptions or biases. It can’t be proven. • Clue words indicating that a text is expressing opinion: everyone, most, nobody, all, none, never, always, feel, ever, really, very, think, feel, believe

45. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. Context Clues *When you don’t know the meaning of a word, use CONTEXT CLUES to help figure it out. The context is the words, sentences, and paragraphs surrounding an unknown word. YOU TRY! 1.  Joan loves to buy exotic foods: vegetables and herbs from China, spices from India, olives from Greece, and cheeses from France. A. expensive B. seasonings C. from other places 2. This third grade was full of precocious children. One child had learned to read at two and another could do algebra at age 6. A. active B. backward C. ahead 3. Paul is a wonderful piano player. But Kate is more versatile; she plays the piano, sings, acts, paints and writes poetry. A. showoff B. many abilities C. superior skills

46. OTHER IMPORTANT INFO. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES Prefixes & Suffixes can also help you determine the meaning of a word. A prefix is added to the beginning of a root word. A suffix is added to the end of a root word.

47. (Prefixes & Suffixes cont….) Common Prefixes

48. (Prefixes & Suffixes cont….) Common suffixes

49. (Prefixes & Suffixes cont….) YOU TRY! Using your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes, find the meaning of the following words: 1. discourage = _________________ 2. Midwest=____________________ 3. unthinkable=_________________ 4. respectful=___________________ 5. invisible=____________________ 6. extremely=___________________

50. Verbals-are words that are created from verbs, serving the purpose of a noun, adjective, or adverb. • Gerunds- A noun form of a verb that always ends in –ing! (Not every –ing word is a gerund though) • Example: My best friend and I love swimming in the pool. • Writing is my favorite activity in school. • Participles – Is a word that acts as a modifier in front of a noun. (adjective) Also, has an ending. (ing, ed, en, etc.) • The laughing girl was the only one we could hear. • All around the yard were the tree’s fallen branches. • Infinitives – Basic verb with the word to in front, acting as a noun. • My best friend and I love to swim in the pool every day. • To think that way can lead to disaster.