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Understanding DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis: From Transcription to Translation

This guide explores the fundamental processes of DNA structure and protein synthesis, detailing the roles of nucleotides—comprising sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases—in constructing DNA. We delve into transcription, where DNA's genetic code is transcribed into mRNA, creating a blueprint for protein synthesis. The translation process is outlined, showing how ribosomes and tRNA translate mRNA codons into amino acids, forming polypeptides. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also highlighted, emphasizing the coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes.

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Understanding DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis: From Transcription to Translation

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Presentation Transcript

  1. DNA Structure

  2. Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

  3. DNA wrapped around histones

  4. Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation

  5. Transcription: Making a copy of the blueprint

  6. Morse Code Key

  7. Using the Genetic Code: DNA :: mRNA :: Protein • Get from ‘language’ of DNA (A,G,C,orT) to ‘language’ of protein (aa’s) • DNA’s ‘language’ is a triplet code in which 3 nucleotide bases (a codon) specify 1 amino acid in protein.

  8. DNA (1 gene) :: mRNA :: polypeptide

  9. Steps in Transcription

  10. Transcription: Note the free nucleotides

  11. DNA unzips

  12. Complementary base pairing

  13. mRNA- final product of Transcription mRNA moves off to ribosome

  14. Transcription: Getting the plan straight (copying the gene)

  15. Transcription animation

  16. Transcription animation

  17. Translation Building the protein from the plan

  18. Using the Genetic Code: DNA :: mRNA :: Protein • Get from ‘language’ of DNA (A,G,C,orT) to ‘language’ of protein (aa’s) • DNA’s ‘language’ is a triplet code in which 3 nucleotide bases (a codon) specify 1 amino acid in protein.

  19. Structure of a Ribosome

  20. Structure of a tRNA

  21. Translation: purple = mRNA blue = ribosome yellow = tRNA (note anticodon) white = amino acids red = peptide bond

  22. Translation initiation

  23. Translation initiation (cont)

  24. Translation- elongation

  25. Translation- termination

  26. A Polysome: With more than one ribosome translating an mRNA at one time, it is possible to produce many polypeptides simultaneously from a single mRNA.

  27. Protein Synthesis

  28. In a prokaryotic cell, transcription and translation are coupled; that is, translation begins while the mRNA is still being synthesized. In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

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