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• Emilio Jacinto as the "Brains of the Katipunan." Artemio Ricarte called him `the "Moses of the Filipino people," while Epifanio de los Santos considered him as the "Soul of the Revolution" and the "Eyes of the Katipunan • Emilio Jacinto was born in Trozo, Manila on December 15, 1875. His father was Mariano Jacinto, who, according to Zaide, was a bookkeeper but, according to E.de los Santos, was a merchant. His mother Josefa Dizon was a manghihilot or midwife.
He studied at the private school of Maestro Ferrer and, later, at the private school of Jose Dizon. He was enrolled by his uncle at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran for his bachelor's degree, and he later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas to study law. He used the pen names Pingkian, Dimasilaw, and Ka Ilyong. He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and was the youngest member at 19 years old. He was the fiscal, secretary, editor, and, later, general of the Katipunan. He also became the director of the printing shop and library of the Katipunan. The library contained written works on tactics and weaponry, the French Revolution, and works of demagogues. Jacinto was proclaimed generalissimo of the North (Punong Hukbo sa Hilagaan), became the adviser of the Supremo, and furnished Bonifacio with weapons, money, printing materials, and musical compositions. He was also the editor of the newspaper Kalayaan. He died of malaria on April 16, 1899, at 23 years old.
Historical Background of the Kartilya • Andres Bonifacio long wanted to have a codified document listing the duties and responsibilities of every member of the Katipunan. Incidentally as Bonifacio was document, Emilio Jacinto was writing one as well By the time drafting the said that Bonifacio was about to consult Jacinto for comments on his draft, the latter presented his work to the Supremo After seeing the draft of Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio was impressed with Jacinto's style of writing and decided to adopt the Kartilya as the guidebook for the rules and regulations of the Katipunan • Aside from the maltreatment experienced by Filipinos rom the Spaniards, the following are the other factors that were influential in the forming of the Katipunan and that of the Kartilya:
1. The Age of Enlightenment gave way to Liberalism and Classicism and Modernism in the 20" century. In his period, secret societies like the Freemasons were established. Coffeehouses, newspapers, and literary salons flourished as new places for ideas to circulate and transfer. 2. The French Revolution period of social and was a political upheaval in France. It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies This led to the spread of radicalism, liberalism, and nationalism, which greatly influenced the Ilustrados in the Philippines and Europe. 3. Masonry was introduced to the Philippines in 1856 when a Spanish naval officer organized a lodge in Cavite under the auspices of the Portuguese Gran Driente Lusitano. However, the true roots of Philippine Masonry sprouted in 1889 when Graciano Lopez- Jaena organized the Logia Revolución in Barcelona under the auspices of Grande Oriente Español.
ThroughFilipinostudents studying in Spain, masonry further spread in Philippine circles, among Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jose Alejandrino, brothers Antonio and Juan Luna, Jose Rizal, and more Masonry, as a civic movement promoting fraternity, evidently influenced the ynamics of the Katipunan. The Spanish friars believed that Masonry was the root of the problems and the establishment of the Katipunan Jesuit Francisco Foradada wrote that Filipino filibusterism (subversion) was against righteousness, morality, or justice, and that Masonry was the enemy of God. 4.The Propaganda Movement was propelled by the execution of the three priests, better known as the Gomburza, in 1872, which left a profound effect on many Filipinos, including Jose Rizal. After the execution, many Filipinos started questioning Spanish authorities and asked for reforms. The Ilustrados demanded reforms through a systematic and peaceful novement later called the Propaganda Movement rhis movement helped Andres Bonifacio and other nationalists to realize that a peaceful way of asking for reforms was not enough, leading to the establishment of the Katipunan and the staging of an armed rebellion against the Spanish colonial administration.
5. The La Liga Filipina was established by Jose Rizal when he decided to return to the Philippines to continue to call for reforms through legal means However, the operations of La Liga were cut short when Rizal was arrested and exiled in Dapitan. Left without a leader, La Liga split into two factions-the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio and the Cuerpo le Compromisarios led by Numeriano Adriano. The former was known to be composed of the radicals, while the latter was composed of conservatives, adhering to the original aspirations of Jose Rizal. Andres Bonifacio saw Rizal's exile in Dapitan, as a sign of asking reforms through legal means, was futile. This prompted him to formally establish the secret revolutionary organization, the Katipunan.
Instructions: Search for the fourteen (14) Points presented in the Kartilya ng Katipunan. Select two from them and explain their significance n maintaining a peaceful and orderly community. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________.
Comparing the Kartilya ng Katipunan and the Decalogue Name:_______________________ Section:____________________ Instructions: Prior to the Kartilya ng Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio drafted the "Decalogue of the Duties of the Sons of the People" or the "Decalogue." It was patterned after the Ten Commandments of the Roman Catholic church to serve as the list of duties and responsibilities to be followed by every member of the Katipunan. However, after seeing the draft of Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto, he was impressed with Jacinto's style of writing and decided to adopt it as the official guidebook of the rules and regulations of the organization. Read the "Decalogue of the Duties of the Sons of the People" by Andres Bonifacio and compare it with the Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto. In your opinion, which better suits the needs of Philippine society during the time of the revolution? Explain your answer in 300 to 500 words. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY Juan Luna showcased his artistic skills to illustrate the situation of the Philippines under the Spanish colonial administration. Assume that you are tasked to describe the Philippine nation to a foreigner who does not have any idea about the Philippines through visual work. Draw or sketch a representation of the Philippine nation according to your understanding of its present condition
Juan Luna (|1857-1899) Juan Luna was born on October 23, 1857 in Badoc, Ilocos Norte. He was third among the seven children of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posadas (from Zambales) and Laureana Novicio y Ancheta (from La Union). He married Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera and had two children. He was granted the title Licentiate Pilot for High Seas after passing the government examination for sailors. He was also a member of the Hong Kong Revolutionary Committee (Hong Kong Junta) that tried to convince Emilio Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong to return to the Philippines and take part in the armed rebellion against the Spaniards,
Many Filipino middle class families had the chance to study not only in the Philippines but in Europe as well, allowing them to be exposed to new ideas and ideologies. It was during this time that Juan Luna became famous for his artistic works.
Historical Background of Luna's Paintings Many of Luna's paintings illustrate literary and historical scenes that carried political commentaries. The most important work of Luna is the Spoliarium, the largest painting in the Philippines (4.22 m x 7,67 m). Luna spent eight months working on the painting, which is now displayed in the main gallery of the National Museum of Fine Arts. It won three gold medals in the 1884 Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid Another work of Juan Luna is the La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra), which won the silver medal in the 1881 Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid. When The Battle of Lepanto, another work of Luna, won the gold medal in the 1888 Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid, Jose Rizal delivered a congratulatory speech for the success of Juan Luna
The Battle of Lepanto The Battle of Lepanto Spoliarium
Aside from his award-winning paintings, Juan Luna is also renowned for the following remarkable works: (1) the El Pacto de Sangre, which shows the blood compact between Datu Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi; (2) the Parisian Life, which shows a lady sitting uncomfortably in a couch in a public bar while being discretely observed by three men who, according to public interpretations, resemble Jose Rizal, Juan Luna, and Dr. Ariston Lin-Bautista; and (3) the Portrait of a Lady, which was first titled Paz Pardo de Tavera, after the wife of Luna, showing a woman holding a rosary in a scene that seems to be after a sexual interlude. However, the lady in the painting does not look like Juan Luna's wife at all. Some critics suppose that it resembles the image of Luna's favorite model, a Caucasian named Angela Duche, while others believe the lady is an image of Luna's idealized vision of his wife. This particular painting is controversial, for it contains no foreshadowing of the tragedy of Luna's marriage which ended with him shooting his wife in September of 1892.
Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (1892-|972) Fernando Amorsolo was born in Calle Heran (popularly known today as Pedro Gil) in Paco, Manila, on May 20, 1892 He studied at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila and at the School of Fine Arts of the University of the Philippines. He worked as a draftsman for the Bureau of Public Works, as a Chief Artist at the Public Commercial Company, and as a part- time instructor at the University of the Philippines. Amorsolo painted and sketched more than 10,000 pieces over his lifetime using natural and backlighting techniques, which gave him numerous awards and recognitions. The themes of his paintings are mostly rural Philippine landscapes.
Two of Amorsolo's award-wining works are (1) the Leyendo El Periodico, which won second place in the Bazaar Escolta in 1908, and (2) the Afternoon first prize at the New y oon Meal of Rice Workers, which won York World S Fair in 1939. Other works of Amorsolo include the Making of the Philippine Flag, The First Baptism in the Philippines based on the accounts of Pigafetta, and Under the Mango Tree On April 24, 1972, Amorsolo died from heart failure. In the same year, Amorsolo was declared the first National Artist of the Philippines in painting. He is also considered as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art."
Historical Background of Amorsolo's PaIntings Amorsolo's paintings depict life during the late American regime and the Japanese occupation in the Philippines. He was known for his works focusing on rural landscapes that show his mastery in the use of light. Amorsolo's significant paintings during the Japanese occupation depict wartime atrocities, particularly the suffering of the Filipinos under the Japanese authorities. Some of Amorsolo's works presenting such scenes are the Bombing of The Intendencia, the Bombing of the Legislative Building, the Rape of Manila, and the Burning of Sto. Domingo produced in 1942; Rizal Avenue in Ruins and Defense of a FilipinoWoman's Honor in 1945; and the Burning of Manila in 1946.
ACTIVITY Artists and Their Paintings Instructions: Choose two paintings -one by Juan Luna and another by Fernando Amorsolo. Compare the artists' styles and techniques as observed from the chosen paintings. Provide specific details derived from your observation Luna's painting: Amorsolo' s painting: Observations:____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
Assessing the Importance of Primary Sources In Understanding the Grand Narrative of PhILppine History Instructions: Give at least three reasons why the paintings of Luna and Amorsolo are important to the grand narrative of Philippine history 1. 2. 3.
