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This text explores how various factors like food, temperature, water, resources, and predators limit organisms in ecosystems. It also delves into ranges of tolerance and stages of succession in communities, discussing primary and secondary succession. Additionally, the text touches on different biomes, including aquatic and terrestrial ones like tundra, taiga, desert, grassland, temperate forest, and rainforest, highlighting their unique characteristics and diversity.
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C3-Communities Chp 3 Pp. 65-69
A. Life in a Community • 1. Limiting Factors- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
A. Life in a Community • Food and nutrients are a major limiting factor in ecosystems. Without enough food, some organisms will not survive. • Temperature limits the types of organisms that can survive, and can affect their overall numbers. • Living organisms require water. If it is limited, the ability of an ecosystem to support life is limited.
A. Life in a Community • Natural resources are a limiting factor for most human populations in ecosystems. • Predators limit the growth of some populations. I.e., lions limit the growth of zebra populations by hunting.
A. Life in a Community • 2. Ranges of tolerance- ability to withstand changes in both abiotic & biotic environmental factors
B. Succession: Changes Over Time • 1. Orderly, natural changes & species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem.
B. Succession: Changes Over Time • 2. Stages of Succession- Primary Succession- colonization of barren land
B. Succession: Changes Over Time • 2. Stages of Succession- Secondary succession- sequences of changes after a severe disruption such as forest fire or building demolition.
Succession: Changes Over Time Yellowstone 1988-1998
3.2 Biomes • Largest ecological unit • Made of groups of ecosystems with similar features or characteristics • (Ecosystems are groups of habitats)
3.2 Biomes • Aquatic Biomes- • Marine biomes • Photic zone where light penetrates- plankton • Aphotic zone deeper water that sun doesn’t penetrate • Estuaries- coastal body of water with salt and fresh water mixing, abundant food and shelter often used as nursery • Effects of Tides- intertidal zone
Estuary Neuse River Neuse River in NC is a vital part of a large and important estuary, the Albermarle-Pamlico Sounds. This estuary is reported to be our country's most important fish nursery.
Freshwater biomes • Rivers • Lakes • Ponds • Wetlands
Terrestrial Biomes • Latitude and climate varies –wind, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, precipitation
Terrestrial Biome • Tundra • Taiga • Desert • Grassland • Temperate forest • Rain forest
Tundra • Treeless • Long summer days • Temps usually freezing • Permafrost • Shallow rooted grasses • Dwarf shrubs
Taiga • South of tundra • N or boreal coniferous forest • Larch, fir, hemlock & spruce • Topsoil acidic & lacking in minerals • More food & shelter for animals
Desert • Arid region with little to no vegetation • Less than 25 cm precipitation • Scattered plant life • Large barren areas • Adaptations that Conserve water
Grassland • Large communities w/ rich soil, grasses, etc. • Have few trees w/ more near streams • More species • Humus- sod • Grains, wildflowers, grazing animals
Temperate forest • 70-150 cm precip • Broadleaf hardwood trees • Topsoil rich in humus with clay underneath • Many animals & birds • Often cleared for fields then regrown
Rainforest • Most diverse species • Warm temp • High rainfall • Lush plant growth • Year-round growing conditions • 3 major stories; more niches for species
