A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK 5 TH EDITION Chapter 1

1. A SPEAKER’SGUIDEBOOK5TH EDITIONChapter 1 Becoming a Public Speaker

2. WHY STUDY PUBLIC SPEAKING? So, this course really is all about you! If you have an i>clicker, which one of these reasons do you consider to be most valuable? Gain real-life skills Advance your professional goals Enhance your career as a student Become an engaged citizen

3. Gain Real-life Skills • Public speaking allows you to communicate your concerns with others and make your voice heard. • Skill in public speaking gives you an advantage in life, leading to greater confidence and satisfaction. • Preparing for public speaking helps you develop organizational skills that are applicable to other areas of life.

4. Advance Your Professional Goals • Research shows employers rank the following employee qualities most important: • Communication skills • Honesty/integrity • Interpersonal skills • Motivation/initiative • Strong work ethic • Teamwork skills

5. Enhance Your Career as a Student • Speech writing requires skills you use in other courses, including: • Researching • Writing and outlining • Listening • Reasoning • Critical analysis • Speech delivery techniques also apply to other courses and disciplines

6. BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN • Public speaking skills give you a way to enter the public conversation about social concerns. • You have an opportunity to effect change when you speak up and become an engaged citizen. • You will learn the “rules of engagement” for effective public discourse.

7. BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN (cont.) Use your i>clicker to select one of the following responses, then discuss. • I voted in the last election. • I did not vote because I was not eligible. • I forgot to vote. • I did not want to vote. • I do not think my vote matters.

8. THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING • Ancient Greece • Developed rhetoric (oratory): practice of public speaking • Rhetoric was practiced in the agora: public square or marketplace • Rhetoric was used to settle civil disputes, set public policy, and establish laws • Rights were limited to free, property-holding males

9. THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (cont.) • Ancient Rome • Continued Greek tradition by meeting in forum: public space in which people gathered to deliberate about issues of the day

10. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric • Forensic oratory: legal speech used to persuade jurors • Deliberative oratory: speech given in legislative or political contexts • Epideictic oratory: speech delivered in special ceremonies

11. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Aristotle (Greece) divided speech preparation into the following five parts: • Invention • Arrangement • Style • Memory • Delivery • Cicero (Rome) later renamed these five canons

12. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Invention: adapting speech information to audience to make your case • Aristotle • Inventio: discovering your speech material • Cicero

13. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Arrangement: organizing speech in ways that are best suited to topic and audience • Aristotle • Dispositio: arranging material • Cicero

14. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Style: the way speaker uses language to express speech ideas • Aristotle • Elocutio: styling speech • Cicero

15. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Memory: practicing speech until it can be artfully delivered • Aristotle • Memoria: remembering various lines of argument to prove case • Cicero

16. Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.) • Delivery: vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking • Aristotle • Pronounciatio: vocal and nonverbal delivery • Cicero

17. PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION • Four categories of human communication include: • Dyadic: communication between two people (conversation) • Small group: communication among small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another (meeting)

18. PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION(cont.) • Four categories of human communication include (cont.): • Mass: communication between speaker and large audience of unknown people (radio or television broadcast) • Public speaking: speaker delivers message with specific purpose to audience that is present during speech delivery • Audience listens with limited interruption

19. Similarities between Public Speaking& Other Forms of Communication • You must speak to other people who are focused on you • Small group • You must think about audience members’ interests, attitudes, and values • Mass • You must try to make yourself understood; involve and respond to others; and take responsibility for your words • Dyadic

20. Differences between Public Speaking& Other Forms of Communication • You have less opportunity for response or feedback from your listeners • Speaker must interpret listeners’ verbal and nonverbal cues • You are responsible for more of message content, which requires careful preparation • You must use more formal communication style

21. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS • All communication involves the following elements: • Source • Receiver • Message • Channel • Shared meaning • Context, goals, outcome

22. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

23. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Source (sender): person who creates message • Speaker transforms ideas and thoughts into messages and sends them to receiver, or audience • Encoding: process of organizing message, choosing words and sentence structure, and verbalizing message

24. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Receiver (audience): recipient (individual or group) of source’s message • Decoding: process of interpreting message • Audience members decode meaning of message selectively, based on individual experiences and attitudes

25. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Receiver (cont.) • Audience conveys feedback: response to message • Can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally, through gestures • Indicates whether speaker’s message has been understood

26. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Message: content of communication process—thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions • Can be expressed both verbally (through sentences and points of speech) and nonverbally (through eye contact and gestures)

27. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Channel: medium through which speaker sends message • E.g., sound waves, air waves, electronic transmission

28. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Channel (cont.) • Noise: anything that interferes with communication process between speaker and audience so that message cannot be understood • Can derive from external sources in environment or from internal psychological factors

29. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Shared meaning: mutual understanding of message between speaker and audience • Lowest level of shared meaning exists when speaker has merely caught audience’s attention • Higher degree of shared meaning is possible as message develops

30. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Context: anything that influences speaker, audience, occasion, and speech • E.g., recent surrounding events, physical setting, order and timing of speeches, and cultural orientation of audience members • Rhetorical situation: circumstances that call for public response • Consideration of audience, occasion, and overall speech situation when planning speech

31. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) • Context (cont.) • Bearing rhetorical situation in mind ensures that you keep audience-centered approach: each phase of speech preparation process is geared toward communicating meaningful message to audience

32. PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.) Speech purpose:clearly defined goal for what you want audience to learn or do or believe as result of your speech Constructive feedback: helps you assess speech’s effects and decide whether you have accomplished what you set out to do

33. LEARNING TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC • Public speaking is an acquired skill that improves with practice • Skills you already have that will help you: • Conversational skills provide instinctive adjustments to audience, topic, and occasion • Composition skills help you research topic, offer evidence, use effective transitions, and devise persuasive appeals

34. Become an Inclusive Speaker • Create sense of inclusion by addressing diverse audiences with sensitivity • Demonstrate respect for differences in culture: language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to next

35. Become an Inclusive Speaker (cont.) • Cultivate cultural intelligence: willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape thinking and behavior in response to what you’ve learned

36. DISCUSSION:Do You Agree or Disagree? “Anyone who forms a judgment on any point but cannot explain himself clearly might as well have never thought on the subject.” –Pericles, Greek Philosopher

37. QUESTION Knowing that you’ll soon be giving a speech, which one of the canons are you most concerned or nervous about? • Invention • Arrangement • Style • Memory • Delivery

38. KEY TERMS • oratory • rhetoric • agora • forum • public forum • forensic oratory • deliberative oratory • epideictic oratory • canons of rhetoric • invention • arrangement • style • memory • delivery

39. KEY TERMS (cont.) • dyadic communication • small group communication • mass communication • public speaking • source • encoding • receiver • decoding • feedback • message • channel • noise • shared meaning • rhetorical situation

40. KEY TERMS (cont.) • audience-centered perspective • speech purpose • culture • cultural intelligence