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The Ancient Egyptians & Ancient Hebrews

1800-500 BCE. The Ancient Egyptians & Ancient Hebrews. Overview of Ancient Egypt. Discuss cultural development of the ancients. Why do historians place so much interest on geography and climate in their assessment of cultural development of the ancient word?. The Old Kingdom. Middle Kingdom.

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The Ancient Egyptians & Ancient Hebrews

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  1. 1800-500 BCE The Ancient Egyptians &Ancient Hebrews

  2. Overview ofAncient Egypt

  3. Discuss cultural development of the ancients • Why do historians place so much interest on geography and climate in their assessment of cultural development of the ancient word?

  4. The Old Kingdom

  5. Middle Kingdom Temple of Amon, Karnak

  6. Hyksos 1700-1500 BCE

  7. Extent of Hyksos rule

  8. New Kingdomc. 1450 BCE

  9. King Tutankhamen c. 1330 BCE

  10. Timeline Ancient Egypt & the Hebrews • 2700-2200 BCE: Old Kingdom • 2000-1800 BCE: Middle Kingdom • 1800-1600 BCE: Rule of the Hyksos and settlement of Hebrews in Egypt • 1600-1100 BCE: New Kingdom, enslavement, and Exodus of Hebrews • 1000-940 BCE: King David and the Golden Age • 800-600 BCE Age of the prophets • 597-538: Babylonian Captivity

  11. 1800-500 BCE The Ancient Hebrews

  12. What was the most pronounced impact of the Hebrews on Western culture? • Monotheism • A linear understanding of time • A contractual approach to religion • Sympathy for the oppressed • Celebration of underdogs • Seinfeld & Bagels

  13. What has been the legacy of ancient Judaism on our culture?

  14. Marble depiction of Moses created by Michelangelo c. 1515 Tomb of Pope Julius II

  15. Moses Before Pharaoh

  16. Moses, Ten Commandments,Religious IdentityPainting by Rembrandt1600s

  17. David the Giant Slayer as depicted by Donatello and Michelangelo

  18. Oil painting by Domenico Feti, c. 1620 David with the head of Goliath

  19. William Blake – Sacrifice of Isaac c. 1900

  20. Abraham, Patriarch of Western Monotheism

  21. Drunkenness of Noah – G. Bellini c. 1490

  22. What did you make of the readings in Genesis & Exodus? • They were long and/or boring • They were confusing and/or ridiculous • I enjoyed them but was a bit confused • I was able to follow them and make sense of them • What readings? I did not even know about them

  23. Abraham’s Journey

  24. 16 On the morning of the third day there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mountain, and a very loud trumpet blast, so that all the people who were in the camp trembled. 17 Then Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God; and they took their stand at the foot of the mountain. 18 And Mount Sinai was wrapped in smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire; and the smoke of it went up like the smoke of a kiln, and the whole mountain quaked greatly. 19 And as the sound of the trumpet grew louder and louder, Moses spoke, and God answered him in thunder.

  25. 1 And God spoke all these words, saying,2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.3 "You shall have no other gods before me.4 "You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; 5 you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the LORD your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, 6 but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.

  26. 7 "You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain. 8 "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor, and do all your work; 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God; in it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your manservant, or your maidservant, or your cattle, or the sojourner who is within your gates; 11 for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

  27. 12 "Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the LORD your God gives you.13 "You shall not kill.14 "You shall not commit adultery.15 "You shall not steal.16 "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.17 "You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his manservant, or his maidservant, or his ox, or his ass, or anything that is your neighbor's."

  28. The Temple of Solomon

  29. Ancient Israel at the Height of its power in the 10th century BCE

  30. The Kingdoms of Israel & Judah

  31. Prophet Jeremiahc. 650 – 586 CE

  32. Where did Abram begin his journey in Genesis? • Ur of the Chaldeans • Jerusalem • Jericho • The Sinai Peninsula

  33. How does Hammurabi’s code differ from the Exodus Laws of the Hebrews? • It does not contain the law of the talion • The death penalty is not in the Hebrews’ laws • Hammurabi did not claim divine approval for his laws • Hebrew laws did not have different penalties for various classes

  34. Hellenistic Successor State: Seleucid Empire

  35. Painting by Charles de la Fosse c. 1675 The Finding of Moses

  36. Overview • Our sources for understanding the Hebrews • From Ur to Canaan • Ancient Judah and Israel • The Babylonian Captivity • The centuries before Christ

  37. Sources for the Ancient Hebrews • The Old Testament - especially the Pentateuch aka the Torah which literally means the law or the teachings • Some of the oldest surviving historical literature • linear concept of time • the intervention of God in human affairs • little descriptive information about geography • God acts along moral and ethical lines and expects his chosen people to do the same • Archeological studies

  38. Old Testament as History • Difficulties associated with its usage as historical source • credibility of some claims: people live for hundreds of years • miracles are outside the realm of modern experience • parting of the Red Sea • contradictions, especially in sequencing and dating • One solution is to interpret the Old Testament as a myth • similar to poetry in that in conveys values and meaning • not to be taken literally: allegory & exegesis

  39. From Ur to Canaan • The Hebrews were originally a nomadic tribe that appear to have migrated along the fertile crescent from Sumeria to Egypt before eventually settling in the Levant near the end of the second millenium BCE • They left Ur sometime around 1900 BC and settled in Egypt probably in the aftermath of the invasion of the Hyksos, when lower Egypt became a melting pot of cultures • Their fortunes may have suffered with the ouster of the Hyksos and their enslavement is recounted in the Book of Exodus

  40. The Hebrews in Egypt • The Hebrews were not uniformly monotheistic when they arrived in Egypt; by the time they left Egypt their monotheistic tendencies were strengthening • Exodus tells us of the difficulties that the Hebrews had in maintaining faith in a single God when they were surrounding by polytheists; the Ten Commandments amplify this concern • It is also likely that the Hebrews witnessed firsthand the abortive attempt of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten to impose monotheism or at least henotheism in the 1300s BCE

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