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Chapter 4: Physical Activity and Mood

Chapter 4: Physical Activity and Mood. The Psychology of Physical Activity Albert V. Carron Heather A. Hausenblas Paul A. Estabrooks. True enjoyment comes from activity of the mind and exercise of the body Wilhelm von Humboldt. What is Mood?.

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Chapter 4: Physical Activity and Mood

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  1. Chapter 4: Physical Activity and Mood The Psychology of Physical Activity Albert V. Carron Heather A. Hausenblas Paul A. Estabrooks

  2. True enjoyment comes from activity of the mind and exercise of the bodyWilhelm von Humboldt

  3. What is Mood? • A complex construct that is defined a number of different ways by different authors. • Negative Affect • Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Anger, Confusion • Positive Affect • Vigor, Pleasantness, Euphoria

  4. Physical Activity and Anxiety • Anxiety • A negative emotional state characterized by feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension • State versus trait •  A number of meta analyses suggest a small to moderate effect of physical activity on anxiety reduction (ES=.15-.56)

  5. Anxiety and Physical Activity: Moderators • Task type • Aerobic exercise=small effect • Anaerobic exercise=no effect • Dose-response • Aerobic activity 0 to 20= ES .78 • 20-40 minutes = ES ..31 • > 40 minutes= ES . .28 • Any intensity is related to reduced anxiety • Physical activity is as effective for anxiety reduction as other behavioral techniques used to manage the disturbance

  6. Physical Activity and Depression • Non-clinicalDepression • Listlessness, feelings of gloom • Clinical Depression • Loss of interest, lowered mood, at least 2 weeks • At least 5 of the following: • Loss of appetite, weight gain or loss, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, psychomotor retardation , sense of worthlessness, guilt, concentration problems, thoughts of suicide

  7. Physical Activity and Non-clinical Depression • Depression is reduced with physical activity • Effect of exercise varies from small to medium Category of Subjects Effect Size .60 .16 High school students College students/faculty

  8. Exercise and Clinical Depression? • Depression is reduced with physical activity • Effect of exercise varies from medium to large Source of Depression Effect Size .97 .55 Medical rehab Psychological rehab

  9. Depression and Physical Activity: Moderators • Task type • Beneficial effects occur with all types of activities (weights, aerobics, walking, etc.) • Dose-response • Longer the duration (wks.) the greater the benefit • 9 weeks seems to be a threshold but effects are experienced immediately • Combination of physical activity & psychotherapy provides best reduction

  10. Other Measures of Mood and Physical Activity • Profile of Mood States (POMS) • Negative moods: • anger, tension, fatigue, depression, & confusion • Positive mood: • vigor McNair et al. (1971)

  11. POMS and Exercise .40 .32 .27 .40 .18 McDonald & Hodgdon (1991)

  12. Why Does Exercise Benefit Cognitive Functioning & Psychological States? • Cognitive explanations • Physiological explanations

  13. Cognitive Explanations 1. Expectancy hypothesis Individuals expect to feel better so they report feeling better Doesn’t seem likely given physiology evidence 2. Distraction hypothesis Exercise is time out from daily stresses Time outs alone don’t provide the same degree of benefit as exercise

  14. Physiological Explanations 1. Thermagenic hypothesis Increases in core temperature associated with reduced muscle tension May account for anxiety reductions Doesn’t account for changes in cognitive functioning and/or depression

  15. Physiological Explanations 2. Monoamine hypothesis Exercise is a stimulus that increases level of neurotransmitters (I.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, serotionin) Neurotransmitters facilitate neural impulses across synapses. Could account for effects of exercise on anxiety, depression, cognitive functioning

  16. Physiological Explanations 3. Opponent process hypothesis Human system works to stay in balance (homeostasis) A stimulus (pleasurable or aversive) activates the parasympathetic nervous system to establish homeostasis Exercise (aversive stimuli) activates enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, etc.

  17. Physiological Explanations 4. Cerebral changes hypothesis (Cognitive functioning) • Exercise produces structural changes including increased density of vasculature • Increased blood flow during exercise provides increased nutrients (O2 & glucose) • Evidence does not seem to support = dose response unrelated to ES

  18. END

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