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Splash Screen. Chapter Menu. Chapter Introduction. The First President. Early Challenges. The First Political Parties. Chapter Assessment. Chapter Introduction 2. The First President

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction The First President Early Challenges The First Political Parties Chapter Assessment

  3. Chapter Introduction 2 The First President Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments.President Washington and the first Congress built a new government.

  4. Chapter Introduction 3 Early Challenges Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments. The new American government struggled to keep peace at home and avoid war abroad.

  5. Chapter Introduction 4 The First Political Parties Citizen participation is essential to the foundation and preservation of the U.S. political system. By the election of 1796, two distinct political parties with different views had developed.

  6. Section 1-Guide to Reading 1 American leaders faced a great challenge. Nobody knew if the political system laid out by the Constitution would work. Many people wondered: Could this new kind of government last?

  7. Section 1-Guide to Reading 2 • President Washington and the new Congress established the departments in the executive branch, set up the nation’s court system, and added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. (page 279) • Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury under Washington, worked to fix financial problems and strengthen the economy.(page 281)

  8. I. President Washington (pages 279–281) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. On April 6, 1789, George Washington was elected the first president of the new nation. Precedents, or traditions, that he set continue to shape the presidency of the United States. B. Congress created three departments in the executive branch: the State Department, the Treasury Department, and the War Department. Congress also created the office of attorney general and the office of postmaster general.

  9. I. President Washington (pages 279–281) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 3 C. Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, and Henry Knox as secretary of war. He also appointed Edmund Randolph as attorney general. These people together became known as the cabinet. D. The president was given the power to dismiss cabinet officials without Senate approval.

  10. I. President Washington (pages 279–281) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 4 E. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the Supreme Court, the district courts, and the courts of appeals. John Jay was appointed to lead the Supreme Court as the first chief justice. F. In December 1791, 10 amendments were added to the Constitution. These amendments protected individual rights and became known as the Bill of Rights. G. The Tenth Amendment protects people from a too-powerful national government by giving more power to states.

  11. I. President Washington (pages 279–281) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 5 Why did Americans insist that the Constitution be changed to protect individual rights? Americans distrusted a strong central government and wanted people to have power.

  12. II. Strengthening the Economy (pages 281–284) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 6 A. The new nation faced a growing national debt, or the amount of money owed by government to lenders. B. To fight the Revolutionary War, the government had borrowed money by issuing bonds—paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time. While waiting for repayment, many citizens sold their bonds at cheap prices to speculators—people who take risks with their money to make a larger profit.

  13. II. Strengthening the Economy (pages 281–284) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 7 C. Alexander Hamilton proposed that the national government pay off American citizens who had supported the country in the war by paying the bonds’ original value. Congress and many citizens, particularly in the Southern states, opposed the idea. D. To win over the Southern states, Hamilton agreed to locate the nation’s capital in the South. A special district was created between Virginia and Maryland for the nation’s capital, which became Washington, D.C.

  14. II. Strengthening the Economy (pages 281–284) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 8 E. A national bank was created despite some opposition from those who believed that it would be unconstitutional. F. Hamilton proposed a tariff, or tax on imports, to encourage people to buy American products. Congress passed low tariffs to raise money but did not pass protective tariffs. G. Congress approved a variety of national taxes for operating expenses of the national government, an idea proposed by Hamilton.

  15. II. Strengthening the Economy (pages 281–284) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 9 Why was Washington, D.C. located in the South? The Southern states opposed Hamilton’s plan for paying off the national debt. To win the Southern vote for his plan, Hamilton offered to locate the nation’s capital in the South.

  16. Section 1-Section Review 1 • President Washington and the first Congress established the cabinet and a federal court system. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, were introduced during the first session of Congress. • Under Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the national government agreed to pay off states’ debts, created a national bank, and put in place a number of tariffs and taxes.

  17. Section 2-Guide to Reading 1 The United States needed money to pay its war debts and to finance national growth. Although located an ocean away from Europe, the United States could not hope to exist in isolation. The nation had to respond to overseas pressures.

  18. Section 2-Guide to Reading 2 • Hamilton’s taxes led to rebellion in western Pennsylvania and changed the way the government handled protesters. (page 286) • The new government faced difficult problems in the West.(page 287) • President Washington wanted the nation to remain neutral in foreign conflicts. (page 288)

  19. I. The Whiskey Rebellion (page 286) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. Farmers bartered whiskey for goods they needed. Western farmers distilled grain into whiskey before shipping it to the East because whiskey was more valuable than grain. B. In 1791 Congress placed a tax on whiskey and other alcoholic beverages.

  20. I. The Whiskey Rebellion (page 286) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 3 C. A large mob of farmers attacked tax collectors who came to get the tax money. This protest was called the Whiskey Rebellion. D. President George Washington sent troops across the Appalachian Mountains to put down the rebellion, but the rebels had disbanded. However, this sent the message that if citizens wished to challenge a law they had to do it peacefully.

  21. I. The Whiskey Rebellion (page 286) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 4 Why was whiskey important to farmers on the western frontier? Whiskey was a valuable commodity they could use to trade for other goods they needed.

  22. II. Struggle Over the West (page 287) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 5 A. The Native Americans living between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River insisted that the U.S. government had no authority over them. They battled Americans over frontier land. B. Washington sent General Arthur St. Clair to restore order on the frontier, but Chief Little Turtle defeated the American soldiers.

  23. II. Struggle Over the West (page 287) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 6 C. Washington sent another army headed by Anthony Wayne to challenge the Native Americans’ demand that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory. Wayne’s army defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

  24. II. Struggle Over the West (page 287) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 7 Click the map to view a dynamic version.

  25. II. Struggle Over the West (page 287) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 8 What was the result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers? In the Treaty of Greenville, the Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio.

  26. III. Problems with Europe (pages 288–289) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 9 A. When Britain and France went to war in 1793, Washington hoped the United States could maintain its neutrality and not take sides in the conflict. The French sent Edmond Genêt to the United States to gain America’s support, but Washington discouraged American involvement. B. The British stopped American ships and forced crews to serve in the navy, a practice known as impressment.

  27. III. Problems with Europe (pages 288–289) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 10 C. Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with the British. The British agreed to Jay’s Treaty, but few Americans approved of the treaty. D. Spain, worried about becoming a target of British and American forces, wanted to establish a positive relationship with the United States. Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to make a deal with the Spanish. Pinckney’s Treaty gave Americans the right to sail on the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans.

  28. III. Problems with Europe (pages 288–289) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 11 E. Washington announced that he would not seek a third term. He resigned as president in 1796, after two four-year terms.

  29. III. Problems with Europe (pages 288–289) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 12 Why were Americans against Jay’s Treaty? The treaty did not address the issue of impressment and did not mention Britain’s interference with American trade.

  30. Section 2-Section Review 1 • On the western frontier, protests against new taxes led to the Whiskey Rebellion, which collapsed when President Washington sent troops to the area. • Following their defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Native Americans gave up their claims to lands in Ohio. • A number of treaties and a policy of neutrality helped the United States remain at peace with the European powers.

  31. Section 3-Guide to Reading 1 Today the United States has two major political parties. The origins of the nation’s two-party political system are found in the conflicts between the followers of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.

  32. Section 3-Guide to Reading 2 • Americans began to take opposing sides on issues by 1796, and, as a result, two political parties emerged. (page 291) • John Adams dealt with many things in office, including a dispute with France, which led to a group of measures called the Alien and Sedition Acts. (page 293)

  33. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. As political issues arose in the new country, Americans began taking sides, becoming partisan—favoring one side of an issue. B. By the mid-1790s, two political parties had taken shape: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Federalists stood for a strong U.S. government and policies favoring businesses.

  34. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 3 C. Opposition to the Federalists began when Philip Freneau began publishing a newspaper. Opponents to Hamilton came together and called their party Democratic-Republicans. They wanted limited central government and policies favoring farmers and urban workers. D. Hamilton and the Federalists believed the federal government had implied powers, powers that were suggested but not directly stated in the Constitution. Jefferson and Madison disagreed with Hamilton.

  35. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 4 E. Federalists supported representative government; Republicans believed that liberty was safe only if ordinary citizens participated in government. F. Washington tried to ease tensions between the two groups, but Jefferson and Hamilton ended up resigning their posts.

  36. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 5

  37. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 6 G. Candidates sought office for the first time as members of a political party in 1796. To prepare for the election, Federalists and Republicans held caucuses, or meetings. H. John Adams represented the Federalists in the election, and Thomas Jefferson represented the Republicans. Adams won the election, and Jefferson became vice president.

  38. I. Opposing Views (pages 291–293) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 7 How did Jefferson become vice president when Adams’s running mate was Charles Pinckney? At the time the law mandated that the person with the second-highest number of electoral votes become the vice president.

  39. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 8 A. John Adams had much experience in government. Abigail Adams, his wife, had actively supported the American cause. B. The French resented Jay’s Treaty as an attempt to help Britain. They began to seize American ships that carried cargo to Britain.

  40. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 9 C. Adams sent a delegation to France to settle the dispute, but French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand would not meet with the Americans. Instead, three French agents were sent who asked for a bribe and a loan from the Americans to France. The Americans refused, and Adams told Congress to prepare for war. This incident became known as the XYZ affair.

  41. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 10 D. In response, Congress established the Navy Department in April 1798 and increased the size of the American army. E. Although war was not officially declared, French and U.S. naval ships clashed several times between 1798 and 1800. Many Americans felt France was an enemy. Republicans, who had been friendly with France in the past, did not condemn the French. Subsequently, some Republicans were voted out of office.

  42. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 11 F. Americans became more suspicious of aliens—immigrants who were not citizens but were living in the United States. Many aliens supported the ideals of the French Revolution. Some Americans feared that these aliens would not remain loyal if the United States went to war with France. G. The Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to protect the nation’s security. Sedition refers to activities aimed at weakening established government.

  43. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 12 H. Many Federalists believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts would weaken the Republican Party. Instead, the laws hurt the Federalists more. An even larger number of immigrants gave their support to the Republicans. Newspaper editors jailed for sedition were hailed as heroes in the cause of freedom of the press.

  44. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 13 I. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts could not be put into action because they were unconstitutional. The Kentucky Resolutions also suggested that the states could nullify, or legally overturn, federal laws considered unconstitutional.

  45. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 14 J. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions affirmed the principle of states’ rights—limiting federal government to those powers clearly assigned by the Constitution. K. In 1800 the French agreed to a treaty with the United States and stopped attacks on American ships.

  46. II. President John Adams (pages 293–297) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 15 How did the Alien and Sedition Acts negatively affect the Federalists? The laws offended new immigrants, who responded by siding with Republicans. Newspaper editors jailed for sedition were hailed as heroes.

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