The Age of Exploration

1. The Age of Exploration 6 Key Themes Unit Essential Question: Why were Europeans responsible for the Age of Discovery?

2. Bell Work Sept. 27 1. Which statement best describes a result of the encounter between Europeans and native populations of Latin America? A. Native societies experienced rapid population growth B.European nations lost power and prestige in the New World C. Large numbers of natives migrated to Europe for a better life D.Plantations in the New World used enslaved Africans to replace native populations 2. The journeys of Vasco de Gama and Christopher Columbus became possible in the late 1400s because of the a. support of the exploration by the English government b. trade connections made by Ibn Battuta c. effects of the Atlantic slave trade d. development of new navigational technology Today: Notes, DBQ Practice, Video HW: Finish DBQ Graphic Organizer

3. Bell Work Sept. 26 Today: Age of Exploration Notes, Video, What were the causes of the European Age of Exploration. How does it bring about a European Golden Age? HW: Look over and work on your DBQ graphic organizer, Age of Exploration 

4. Turn in your DBQ Organizer Today: Notes, Video 1. According to the map titles “The Slave Trade,” where were most slave forts located? A. the cape of good hope B. the west coast of Africa C. the middle passage D. Brazil

5. 6 Key Themes The 3G’s – Gold, Glory, and God New Rivals on the “World’s Stage” The Slave trade and the Spice trade The ecology of expansion The economics of expansion Globalization

6. The 3 G’s – Gold, Glory, and God • Gold – Out from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) • Lead by Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Exploration of the African coast. • Muslims had controlled the trade, but with the development of Antwerp and Lisbon, trade routes changed away from the Arab land routes. • Glory – Developed out of the Medieval fantasy writings of places far far away.

7. Glory

8. God • God – Developed out of the hope for another crusade. • Lead by the Jesuit order in Asia, Africa, and the Americas • English Puritans in North America • Key figures include Francis Xavier

9. New Rivals on the “World’s Stage” • The Spanish vs. the Portuguese Empire • The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides the New World between Spain and Portugal • Papal Division in 1493 divided the World in two

10. New Rivals on the World Stage • Spain and Portugal had led the way in the early stages of the “Age of Exploration” • By the 17th century, the Dutch had also become involved • Shortly thereafter, the French and English also joined the mix • Eventually, Spanish and Portuguese dominance in the New World faded • The impact of this competition instigated war at home and abroad, and drastic changes in the social and economic structure.

11. European Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

12. Voyages of the New World • Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) • Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Additional Discoveries • John Cabot – New England for Henry VII • English route through White Sea to Russia • Jacques Cartier – North America for France • Pedro Cabral – South America (by mistake!) for Portugal • Amerigo Vespucci – Writes about voyages (“America”) • Nun˜ez de Balboa – Sails across Isthmus of Panama and into Pacific Ocean for Spain • Ferdinand Magellan –circumnavigates the Earth – sort of (death in Philippines) for Spain • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides New World between Spain and Portugal • Written by Pope Alexander VI! • East of Good hope to Portuguese; west to Spanish Magellan and Tordesillas

13. The Spanish Empire: Administration • Encomienda • Crown grants conquerors right to use native labor and collect tribute • In return, conquerors are to protect, pay and supervise the religious needs of the natives – did this happen? • Viceroys • Replaced encomienda system after its abuses were exposed • Served as regional civil and military governors for king • Viceroys assisted by advisory council called audiencias • The Church • Spanish crown’s authority over Church • Mass conversion of natives • Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries • Spanish Inquisition Bartolome de las Casas exposed the mistreatment of natives by greedy conquistadores, leading to a shift in governing policies in the Spanish Empire

14. Africa: The Slave Trade • Slavery in Africa not new • Initially, slaves were brought to Europe and the Middle East as domestics • Plantation farming escalates demand for slaves (sugar cane) • Triangular Trade • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth Centuries • High death rate during transit (Middle Passage) • Prisoners of War • Depopulation of African kingdoms • Political effects of slave trade in Africa (Benin Kingdom) • Power of local African leaders in the transaction • Criticism of Slavery (Enlightenment) • Society of Friends = Quakers

15. The Spice Trade in Southeast Asia • Portugal: did not have the means to sustain their far-reaching empire • Spain: Seized Philippines as a trade base, exchanging Asian silk for silver from Mexico • Netherlands (Dutch) • Seized Spice Islands from Portugal • Built fort in Jakarta for protection • DEI Company: Pepper plantations • Controlled most of SE Asia by end of 18th century • England: Only held one port in Sumatra • Mainland SE Asia generally resisted European presence • Europeans initially sought to pit factions against one another • Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and Vietnam ultimately unified and resisted • Only loose trade relations were established between Euros and these areas

16. Impact of European Expansion: Ecology of The Conquered • Horses and cattle to the Americas • Argentine Beef? • Plains Indians use of horses? • Transporting crops • Sugar cane and wheat to South America for plantation-style cultivation • Sweet potatoes and maize to Africa from Americas

17. The Ecology of Conquest) • The Inca and the Spanish • Pachakuti transformed Inca empire into advanced state • Inca buildings and roads • Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) • Smallpox claims many – including emperor, triggering civil war • Atahualpa captured • Incas overthrown (1535) • Jared Diamond’s thesis: Guns, Germs and Steel Atahualpa captured; Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel

18. New Economics -- Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • “Price Revolution” – 2-3% inflation on most goods, including food • Wages did not reflect the increase • Influx of gold/silver + population boom as causes? • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • Profits in shipbuilding, metallurgy and mining • New economic institutions • Family banks replaced by banking institutions (Fuggers bankrupt) • The Bank of Amsterdam • Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) • Agriculture • 80% still worked in agriculture • Little changed in lives of peasants, whose lives often worsened

19. New Economics -- Mercantilism • Total volume of trade unchangeable • European powers competed for greatest share of it • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade (export more than you import) • State intervention • High tariffs on foreign goods • Use colonies as source of raw materials and as a market to sell manufactured goods from mother country Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France, financial minister to Louis XIV: Mercantilism at its best!

20. The Impact of European Expansion: Globalization • European rivalries • Piracy common and state-sponsored! • Determined alliances in international wars • New views of the world • Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map (Mercator Projection) • Helped trigger more exploration • Psychological impact • Relative ease of conquering • Reinforces belief in superiority of European civilization and values

21. Global Patterns of the European States:18th Century

22. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable (luxury goods) BUT… • Intra European trade still dominated the volume of trade for most of the time period • By 1789, however, a shift in the balance of trade saw huge increases in overseas trade and much lower increases in intra-European trade • These changing trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

23. Discussion Question Get out your Columbian Exchange Questions In what ways did accidents of geography effect the historical trajectories of Africa, South America, and Europe during the Age of Discovery and the colonization period? Today: Finish notes, Tonight: study for quiz

24. 1) What factors best explain the West’s overseas expansion? 2) In what ways was overseas expansion tied to the political and economic developments of the 15th and 16th Centuries? 3) What consequences flowed from this interaction of Western and non-western civilizations?

25. 6 Key Themes The 3G’s – Gold, Glory, and God New Rivals on the “World’s Stage” The Slave trade and the Spice trade The ecology of expansion The economics of expansion Globalization