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Post WW I Nationalism: Middle East. The Ottoman Empire was one of the premier countries in the Middle East by the end of the 18 th Century However by the beginning of the 19 th Century Ottoman power began to wane.
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The Ottoman Empire was one of the premier countries in the Middle East by the end of the 18th Century However by the beginning of the 19th Century Ottoman power began to wane. Ultamately in the beginning of the 20thcentrury because of their involvement in WWI the Empire ultamately collapsed Middle East
Beginning of the end • 1876: Ottoman reformers seize the government and adopted a constitution with idea of creating a Constitutional Monarchy • Abdulhamid II is appointed Sultan • As soon as taking the throne he suspends the constitution and ruled as an absolute monarch
Beginning of the ENd • Upset a group called the Young Turks began to protest • Forced Abdulhamid II to restore the constitution by 1908 • By 1909 the deposed the Sultan • At the same time many ethnic turks pushed for independence
During WWI the Ottomans had killed or had been responsible for the deaths of nearly 1 million Christian Armenians Armenia had sought independence but were brutally attacked and deported by the Ottomans. The Allies denounced the genocide, but did nothing to prevent it. A similar event happened in Bosnia in 1993 and 1996 WWI
Aftermath • After WWI Greece attacked Turkey • The newly formed Republic of Turkey placed Mustafa Kamul Ataturk in control of the defense • Under Ataturk Turkey was able to drive the Greeks back
Mustafa Kemul Ataturk • After successfully fending off Greece, Ataturk is elected President • Ataturk tried, valiantly to modernize Turkey, beginning with a democratic form of government • However Ataturk did not allow opposition
Eliminated Arabic elements from the Turkish language Adopted the Roman alphabet Forced his people to adopt last names Established factories and directed the economy Tried to modernize farming, with little effect Atatutk’s reforms
Ataturk’s Social reforms • Forbade men to wear the traditional fez • Forbade women from wearing the veil • Abolished the caliphate • New laws gave women equal marriage and inheritance rights • Women were allowed to vote • Turks were also allowed to join Non-Muslim religious groups
The Qajar dynasty of Persia who had ruled Persia for 130 years was having difficulty with domestic problems The Qajar had increasingly been turning to Russia and Britain to protect itself from its own people Persia/Iran
Black Gold, Texas T • In 1908 Oil is discovered in Southern Persia/Iran. • This is much to the delight of Britain and Russia and they created a bigger presence in the region • Foreign presence led to Persian Nationalist movements
Persia • 1921: Reza Kahn leads a military mutiny against the Qajar dynasty. • Seized Tehran in 1925 and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran, taking the name Reza Shah Pahlavi • Tried to follow Ataturk’s example to modernize his nation
Modernized the government, military and economy Renamed the country Iran Major difference between Ataturk and Pahlavi was that Pahlavi did not try to separate church and state. Encouraged western-style education and forbade women from wearing a veil in public. To break free of British and Soviet influence, Iran grew closer to Nazi Germany. However during WWII Britain and the Soviet Union invaded forcing Pahlavi to resign, Pahlavi’s reforms
