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Nationalism & Imperialism in the Middle East

Nationalism & Imperialism in the Middle East. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during WWI To Establishment of European Mandate System in the Middle East. Ottoman Empire at height!. Ottoman Turks had ruled over the Middle East for over 500 years!

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Nationalism & Imperialism in the Middle East

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  1. Nationalism & Imperialism in the Middle East After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during WWI To Establishment of European Mandate System in the Middle East

  2. Ottoman Empire at height! Ottoman Turks had ruled over the Middle East for over 500 years! Extending its power and influence into South Eastern Europe. What modern day countries in Europe were conquered by the Ottoman?

  3. Uprising against the Ottoman Rulers! Ethic & cultural regions began to break away from the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Sultan’s try reforming & strengthening the Empire, but the tide of Nationalism & Independence was too strong!

  4. Nationalist Groups pulling apart Turks! Greeks, Bulgaria and many other areas revolt and break away from the Ottoman Empire. European countries like Italy, Britain and Russia were “nipping” away at pieces of the empire.

  5. Ottoman Sultan’s tried to strengthen the Empire Attempts of Reform … Failure of Reforms Corrupt leaders saw as a threat to their power! Religious leaders saw as a threat to their power! Threat to Islamic culture. • Government reforms- western ideas of constitution & division of power! • Change to secular government • Schools to teach western ideas & modernize

  6. Arab Nationalism too! Arab Nationalist Leaders Hussein Ibn Ali • Hussein ibn Ali- Arabia • With British backing, Hussein launched the Arab Revolt against Ottoman forces in Arabia on 5 June 1916. • British promise to Arabs independence ….

  7. External Threats to the Ottoman Empire! In addition to the internal rebellions, foreign enemies picked apart the Ottoman Empire through land seizures, attacks and invasions… Finally alliances in WWI will bring an end to the Ottoman Empire.

  8. Humiliation for Turks! Rise of nationalism. Young Turks Turkish Nationalism • Young Turks • Abandoned Ottoman tolerance of diverse cultures & religions • Persecuted non-Muslim communities; especially Armenian Christians (ties to Russia) • Impose Turkish culture on Arabs • Armenian Genocide..

  9. Hope of Arab Independence with Ottoman Defeat! If the Ottoman Empire and their allies in WWI were defeated, Arabs believed they could become independent and rule themselves based on their Cultures and beliefs.

  10. End of WWI

  11. Once Ottoman lose the war, their provinces…. Arab lands were taken over by the Europeans… • Turks retained Asia Minor, modern day Turkey, as their state. Europeans do not grant independence!

  12. Arabia began its transformation into a country ruled by the al-Saud family, Also, several smaller nations were born out of the dead body of the Ottoman lands in the Middle East, including the states of Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and yet-to-be-born state of Palestine.

  13. Resources, oil, Suez Canal, Naval Security… Many Reasons.. Russia wanted access to Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea, Brit’s wanted the Suez Canal. Both Russia and Britain gained economic control in Iran.. Access to oil!

  14. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk New leader of Turkey Modernized & Westernized the Country of Turkey

  15. Sykes-Picot Agreement Secret Agreement between the British and the French (with consent of Russia) defining their “spheres of influence” in the Middle East if they defeated the Ottoman Empire in WWI.

  16. British also promised The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was the first significant declaration by a world power in favor of a Jewish "national home" in what was known as Palestine.

  17. Arab resentment and anger at the British & Europeans for not living up to promise made during WWI! British promised the Jewish a homeland in Palestine, while indicating they would allow Arabs independence in Palestine!

  18. French Colonization of Algeria 1848-1962

  19. Ahmed Ben Bella Independence Leader against France in Algeria Ben Bella becomes the first Algerian President with independence in 1962.

  20. Gamal Nasser in Egypt Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952

  21. Hussein Ibn Ali Sons became King of Jordan & Iraq King Faisal of Jordan Abdullah 1st of Jordan

  22. After decades of revolutionIndependence of Middle Eastern Countries After WWII is usually the date associated with end of colonial rule I Middle East.

  23. After the British leave PalestinePartitioned into two states Jewish State and Arab State

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