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Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development

Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development. The Male Reproductive System. Primary Organs Gonads: testes Accessory Structures Ducts that transport sperm cells & hormones Exocrine glands. The Male Reproductive System (cont ’ d). Testes. Located outside body, midline below torso

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Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development

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  1. Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development

  2. The Male Reproductive System • Primary Organs • Gonads: testes • Accessory Structures • Ducts that transport sperm cells & hormones • Exocrine glands

  3. The Male Reproductive System (cont’d)

  4. Testes • Located outside body, midline below torso • Suspended by spermatic cord in scrotum • Spermatic cord: bundle of blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves • Oval-shaped • Site of sperm generation • Produce testosterone

  5. Structure of the Testis

  6. Testosterone • Main male sex hormone • Diffuses from testes into surrounding fluid & is absorbed into bloodstream • Functions: • Develops & maintains reproductive structures • Develops sperm cells • Develops secondary sex characteristics (deeper voice, body hair)

  7. Spermatozoa • Sperm cells • Fertilize egg cell • >200 million in average ejaculation • Manufactured continuously after puberty in testes • Head: nucleus containing chromosomes, enzymes to penetrate ovum • Tail: propels sperm through female reproductive system to reach ovum

  8. Accessory Structures • Epididymis • Coiled tube on surface of testes • Stores sperm • Vas deferens • Duct in spermatic cord • Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct • Ejaculatory duct • Delivers sperm to urethra • Penis: delivers sperm to vagina during intercourse

  9. Semen • Mix of sperm cells & secretions from other glands • Expelled from body in ejaculation • Functions of secretions in semen: • Nourish sperm cells • Transport them • Neutralize acidity of male urethra & female vaginal tract • Lubricate female reproductive tract during intercourse • Prevent infection by using antibacterial enzymes & antibodies

  10. The Urethra and Penis • Urethra • Tube that transports both urine & semen through pelvic cavity & penis • Ejection of semen made possible by erection • Penis • Made of spongy tissue that engorges with blood when erect • Contractions of skeletal muscles in pelvic floor expel semen • Penis & scrotum make up male external genitalia

  11. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System • Enlarged prostate • Prostate cancer • Testicular cancer • Orchitis • Cryptorchidism • Epididymitis

  12. The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries • Female gonads • Site of egg formation • Accessory Structures • Uterus • Various passageways • Bartholin glands • External genitalia • Breasts

  13. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

  14. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

  15. The Ovaries • Outer layer consists of single layer of epithelium • Ovarian follicle • Cluster of cells where ovum ripens • Secretes estrogen, beginning development of endometrium • Ovulation • Follicle ruptures & discharges ripened egg • Menstruation • The sloughing off of endometrium • Expulsion of unfertilized egg

  16. Accessory Structures • Fallopian tubes • Uterus • Vagina • Bartholin glands • Vulva & perineum • Breasts

  17. The Menstrual Cycle • Process that prepares female’s body for pregnancy • Egg ripens & is released • Endometrium is prepared • If no fertilization: • Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease • Bloody discharge • Average duration: 2 to 6 days

  18. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System • Cervical cancer • Ovarian tumors • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Uterine cancer • Breast cancer • Endometriosis • Fibroid tumors • Menstrual disorders • Yeast infection

  19. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System • Men: decrease in testosterone production • Women: menopause—menstruation gradually ceases

  20. Common Diseases and Conditions of Both the Male & Female Reproductive Systems • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Genital herpes • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • Pubic lice • Infertility

  21. Factors Influencing Growth and Development • Heredity • Prenatal factors (mother’s age/health during pregnancy) • Caregiver factors (mental illness) • Individual differences (vision & hearing impairments) • Health or illness • Environment, including culture • Nutrition

  22. Stages of Growth and Development • Embryo & fetus • Neonate (birth to 1 month) • Infant (1 month to 1 year) • Toddler (1-3 years) • Preschool child (3-6 years) • School-aged child (6-12 years) • Adolescent (12-18 years) • Young adult (18-40 years) • Middle-aged adult (40-65 years) • Older adult (>65 years)

  23. Stages of Grief • Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

  24. Theories of Development • Erik Erikson • Robert J. Havighurst • Sigmund Freud • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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