Chapter Six

1. Chapter Six Using Arrays

2. Objectives • How to declare an array and assign values to array elements • How to initialize an array • How to use subscripts to access array elements • How to use the Length field • How to use foreach to control array access

3. Objectives • How to manually search an array to find an exact match • How to search an array to find a range match • How to use the BinarySearch() method • How to use the Sort() and Reverse() methods

4. Objectives • How to pass an array to a method • How to use parameter arrays • How to declare an array of objects • How to use the BinarySearch() and Sort() methods with object arrays

5. Declaring an Array and Assigning Values to Array Elements • Sometimes storing just one value in memory at a time is not adequate • An array is a list of data items that all have the same type and same name • Example of array declaration: double[] salesFigure; • Like objects, memory is not actually reserved until the new keyword is used • Example: salesFigure = new double[20];

6. Declaring an Array and Assigning Values to Array Elements • A subscript or index is an integer contained within square brackets that indicate the position of one of an array’s variables, or elements • An array’s elements are numbered beginning with 0 • A common mistake is to forget that the first element in an array is element 0

7. Declaring an Array and Assigning Values to Array Elements • Output of the ArrayDemo1 program

8. Initializing an Array • Arrays, like object fields, have default values • You can assign nondefault values to array elements upon creation • Examples: int[] myScores = new int[5] {100,76,88,100,90}; int[] myScores = new int[] {100,76,88,100,90}; int[] myScores = {100,76,88,100,90};

9. Using Subscripts to Access Array Elements • The power of arrays become apparent when you begin to use subscripts that are variables rather than constant values • Example:theArray[sub] vs. theArray[1] • A loop can be used to cycle through the elements of an array • Through the use of loops and arrays, code can become more efficient

10. Using the Length Field • The subscript used to access an array must be between the range of 0 to Length-1 • Because every array is automatically a member of the class System.Array, you can use the fields and methods that are part of the System.Array class • The Length() field is a member of the System.Array class

11. Using foreach to Control Array Access • C# supports a foreach statement that you can use to cycle through every array element without using subscripts • With the foreach statement, the programmer provides a temporary variable that automatically holds each array value in turn

12. Manually Searching an Array for an Exact Match • One way to determine if some variable holds one of many possible valid values is to use a series of if statements • Instead of creating a long series of if statements, a more efficient solution is to compare the variable against the items in an array • In certain situations, where arrays are involved, it might be a good idea to use parallel arrays

13. Manually Searching an Array for an Exact Match • Accessing information in parallel arrays

14. The BinarySearch() Method • The BinarySearch() method finds a requested value in a sorted array • This method accepts two arguments: an array and the field to be searched for • The method returns –1 if the value is not found in the array, otherwise it returns the index where the value is located

15. The BinarySearch() Method • This method does NOT work under the following conditions: • If the array items are not arranged in ascending order, the BinarySearch() method does not work correctly • If the array holds duplicated values, then the BinarySearch may not work • If you want to find a range match rather that an exact match, the BinarySearch() method does not work

16. Using the Sort() and Reverse() Methods • The Sort() method arranges array items in ascending order

17. Using the Sort() and Reverse() Methods • The Reverse() method reverses the order of items in an array

18. Writing Methods That Accept Array Parameters • When you pass an array to a method, changes you make to array elements within the method are permanent • Arrays, like all objects, are passed by reference • Within the method header, a parameter is declared as an array using square brackets after the argument type

19. Using Parameter Arrays • When you don’t know how many arguments you might eventually send to a method, you can declare a local array within the method header using the keyword param • For example: public static void DisplayStrings (param string[] people)

20. Using Parameter Arrays • ParamsDemo program and the output

21. Declaring an Array of Objects • You can declare arrays that hold elements of objects • To use a method that belongs to an object that is part of an array, insert the appropriate subscript notation after the array name and before the dot-method • Example: • empArray[x].SetId(999) • empArray[x].SetSalary(7.25)

22. Using the BinarySearch() and Sort() Methods with Object Arrays • The use of methods like BinarySearch() and Sort() become complicated when you use them with arrays of user-defined objects • When you create a class containing many fields, you must tell the compiler which field to use when making comparisons • An interface is a collection of methods that can be used by any class, as long as the class provides a definition to override the interface’s abstract definition

23. Using the BinarySearch() and Sort() Methods with Object Arrays • C# contains an interface named IComparable, which contains the definition for the CompareTo() method that compares one object to another and returns an integer

24. Using the BinarySearch() and Sort() Methods with Object Arrays • When you create a class whose members you will want to compare, you must include two additional features in your class: • A single colon and the interface name IComparable after the class name • You must write a method containing the header int IComparable.CompareTo(Object o)

25. Using the BinarySearch() and Sort() Methods with Object Arrays • The CompareTo() method must return an integer value

26. Using the BinarySearch() and Sort() Methods with Object Arrays • IComparable.CompareTo() method for Employee class

27. Chapter Summary • An array is a list of data items, all of which have the same type and the same name • In C#, arrays are objects of a class named System.Array; like all objects, their fields are initialized to default values • The power of arrays becomes apparent when you begin to use subscripts that are variables rather than constant values • When you work with array elements, you must ensure that the subscript you use remains in the range 0 through length -1

28. Chapter Summary • You can use the foreach statement to cycle through every array element without using subscripts • When you want to determine whether some variable holds one of many possible valid values, you can compare the variable to a list of values in an array • You can create parallel arrays to more easily perform a range match • The BinarySearch() method finds a requested value in a sorted array • The Sort() method arranges array items in ascending order. The Reverse() method reverses the order of items in an array.

29. Chapter Summary • You can pass a single array element to a method in exactly the same manner as you would pass a variable. Alternatively, instead of passing a single array element to a method, you can pass an entire array. • When you don’t know how many arguments you might eventually send to a method, you can declare a local array within the method header by using the keyword params • Just as you can declare arrays of integers or doubles, you can declare arrays that hold elements of any type • When you create a class containing fields, you must create an IComparable interface containing a CompareTo() method