Foundation of Computing

1. Foundation of Computing Prof . A.Pranayanath Reddy Computer Science and Engineering

2. Out Line • Computer System Architecture -08 Hours • Basic Computing Techniques - 03 Hours • Programming Language - 25 Hours • Object Oriented Programming Techniques - 04 Hours • Operating Systems - 04 Hours • Concepts of Software Engineering - 04 Hours Total - 48 Hours

3. Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor. In 1822, he convinced the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general purpose machine. useful URL : http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1939 Ref: world wide web

4. Computer Vs. Computing A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Computing is the process of utilizing computer technology to complete  task. Computing may involve computer hardware and/or software. Ref: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computing.html#ixzz2Y9bsY6sj

5. Computer System Architecture Text Book Hennessy, “Computer Architecture: A quantitative approach”, ELSEVIER INDIA PVT. LTD, NEW DELHI, 5th Edition / 2011. Concepts Digital Computers, Internal Data Representation in Computer, Digital Logic Circuits, Basic gates, Digital Components: Decoder, Encoder, Multiplexer, Registers, Basic Computer Organization: Basic Operational Concepts, Structure, Performance, Memory Organization: Memory Hierarchy, Main Memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache Memory, Virtual Memory.

6. Digital Computers (1/ 3) • Computers are used in: • Scientific calculations • Commercial and business data processing • Space guidance • The educational field and many others • Digital Computers follow a sequence of instructions, called a program, that operates on given data. • The user can specify and change programs and/or data according to the specific need.

7. Digital Computers (2/3 ) Types of Digital Computers • General-purpose digital computer e.g. PC • Specific-purpose digital computer e.g. telephone switching exchanges, digital voltmeter, frequency counters, calculating machines, teletype machine. Fig.1 Block diagram of digital computer

8. Digital Computers (3/ 3 ) The memory unitstores programs as well as input, output, and intermediate data. The processor unitperforms arithmetic and other data processing task as specified by a program. The control unitsupervises the flow of information between the various units. The control unit retrieves the instruction, one by one, from the program which is stored in memory. For each instruction, the control unit informs the processor to execute the operation specified by the instruction. How the instruction are executed by the Digital Computers?

9. Stand Alone Computer Back View of CPU Desktop Personal Computer

10. Cables and Connectors Close View of EC RJ 45 Connector Ethernet Cable

11. Connection Computers Two ways : - One to One ( Peer to Peer ) - One to Many ( LAN )

12. One to One ( Peer to Peer ) Note: Every PC will have only one Ethernet Port

13. One to Many Note: Every PC will have only one Ethernet Port

14. Intermediate devices Switch Hub Router

15. One to Many

16. LAN / MAN / WAN

17. Few other Related Topics Firewall

18. Types of Computers based on Configuration • There are four different types of computers when we classify them based on their performance and capacity. The four types are • Super Computers • Mainframe Computers • Mini Computers (servers) • Micro Computers Micro Computers The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro computers. They are further classified into • Desktop Computers • Laptop Computers • Handheld Computers(PDAs) Introduction to Networking

19. Generation of Computers • First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes • machine language • vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory • Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors • moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages • moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. • Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits • Semiconductors • Keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, • Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors • development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices • Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence •  voice recognition • Nanotechnology • natural language Introduction to Networking

20. Types of RAM’s and ROM’s • RAM (Random Access Memory) • SDRAM (Single Data RAM/ Static Data RAM/ Synchronous Dynamic RAM) • DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM) • DDR2-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Revision 2 Synchronous Dynamic RAM ) • ROM (Read Only Memory) • PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory ) • EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) • EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM) Introduction to Networking

21. Internal data representation in computer What is a binary number? • - A binary number is a number that includes only ones and zeroes. • - The number could be of any length • - The following are all examples of binary numbers • 0 10101 • 1 0101010 • 10 1011110101 • 01 0110101110 • 111000 000111 • - Another name for binary is base-2 (pronounced "base two")

22. Internal data representation in computer What is a decimal number? • - The numbers that we are used to seeing are called decimal numbers. • - decimal numbers consist of the digits from 0 (zero) through 9. • - The following are examples of decimal #'rs • 3 76 • 15 32423234 • 890 53 • - Another name for decimal numbers are base-10 (pronounced "base ten") numbers.

23. Internal data representation in computer Equivalence of Binary and Decimal • - Every Binary number has a corresponding Decimal value (and vice versa) • - Examples: • Binary NumberDecimal Equivalent • 1 110 2 11 3… …1010111 87

24. Internal data representation in computer The value of a binary number • - Even though they look exactly the same, the value of the binary number, 101, is different from the value of the decimal number, 101. • The value of the binary number, 101, is equal to the decimal number five (i.e. 5) • The value of the decimal number, 101, is equal to one hundred and one • - When you see a number that consists of only ones and zeroes, you must be told if it is a binary number or a decimal number.

25. Internal data representation in computer Quantities/Counting (1 of 3) Numbering System

26. Internal data representation in computer Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)

27. Internal data representation in computer Quantities/Counting (3 of 3) Etc.

28. Internal data representation in computer Conversion Among Bases The possibilities: Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

29. Internal data representation in computer Decimal to Decimal (just for fun) Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

30. Internal data representation in computer Weight 12510 => 5 x 100 = 5 2 x 101 = 20 1 x 102 = 100 125 Base

31. Internal data representation in computer Binary to Decimal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

32. Internal data representation in computer Practice converting 8-bit binary to decimal Ref: CISCO CCNA Certification – IP Addressing

33. Internal data representation in computer Octal to Decimal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

34. Internal data representation in computer Example • Technique • Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit • The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right • Add the results 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4 2 x 81 = 16 7 x 82 = 448 46810

35. Internal data representation in computer Hexadecimal to Decimal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

36. Internal data representation in computer • Technique • Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit • The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right • Add the results ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560 274810

37. Internal data representation in computer Decimal to Binary Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

38. Internal data representation in computer • Converting decimal to 8-bit binary Ref: CISCO CCNA Certification – IP Addressing

39. Internal data representation in computer Octal to Binary Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

40. Internal data representation in computer 7 0 5 111 000 101 • Technique • Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation 7058 = ?2 7058 = 1110001012

41. Internal data representation in computer Hexadecimal to Binary Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

42. Internal data representation in computer 1 0 A F 0001 0000 1010 1111 Technique Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation 10AF16 = ?2 10AF16 = 00010000101011112

43. Internal data representation in computer Decimal to Octal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

44. Internal data representation in computer 8 19 2 8 2 3 8 0 2 Technique • Divide by 8 • Keep track of the remainder 123410 = ?8 8 1234 154 2 123410 = 23228

45. Internal data representation in computer Decimal to Hexadecimal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

46. Internal data representation in computer 16 1234 77 2 16 0 4 16 4 13 = D Technique • Divide by 16 • Keep track of the remainder 123410 = ?16 123410 = 4D216

47. Internal data representation in computer Binary to Octal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

48. Internal data representation in computer • 011 010 111 • 1 3 2 7 Technique • Group bits in threes, starting on right • Convert to octal digits 10110101112 = ?8 10110101112 = 13278

49. Internal data representation in computer Binary to Hexadecimal Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

50. Internal data representation in computer Technique • Group bits in fours, starting on right • Convert to hexadecimal digits 10101110112 = ?16 • 1011 1011 • B B 10101110112 = 2BB16