C2 Additional Chemistry

1. C2 Additional Chemistry Learning objectives and outcomes

2. C1.1 Chemical bonding • How do elements form compounds? • How do the elements in Group 1 bond with elements in Group 7? C2.1 Structure and bonding

3. C1.2 Ionic bonding • How are ionic compounds held together? • Which elements other than those in Groups 1 and 7, form ions? C2.1 Structure and bonding

4. C1.3 Formulae of ionic compounds • How can we write the formula of an ionic compound, given its ions? C2.1 Structure and bonding

5. C1.4 Covalent bonding • How are covalent bonds formed? • What types of substance have covalent bonds? C2.1 Structure and bonding

6. C1.5 Metals • How are the atoms in metals are arranged? • How are the atoms in metals held together • How are the atoms in metals held together? [HT ONLY] C2.1 Structure and bonding

7. C2.1 Giant ionic structures • Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? • Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when we melt them or dissolve them in water? C2.2 Structure and properties

8. C2.2 Simple molecules • Which type of substances have low melting & boiling points? • How are the atoms in metals held together • Why don’t these substances conduct electricity? • Why do these substances have low melting & boiling points? [HT] C2.2 Structure and properties

9. C2.3 Giant covalent structures • How do substances with giant covalent structures behave? • Why is diamond hard and graphite slippery? C2.2 Structure and properties

10. C2.3 Giant covalent structures (HT only) • Why can graphite conduct electricity? [HT ONLY] • What are fullerenes? [HT ONLY] C2.2 Structure and properties

11. C2.4 Giant metallic structures • Why can we bend and shape metals? • Why are alloys harder than pure metals? • Why don’t these substances conduct electricity? • What are shape memory alloys? C2.2 Structure and properties • Why do metals allow electricity and heat pass through them? [HT]

12. C2.5 The properties of polymers • Do the properties of polymers depend on the monomers we use? • Can changing reaction conditions modify the polymers that are made? • What are thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers? C2.2 Structure and properties

13. C2.6 Nanoscience • What is nanoscience? • What are the potential benefits and risks associated with nanoscience? C2.2 Structure and properties

14. C3.1 The mass of atoms • What is an atom’s atomic number and mass number? • What are the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons? • What are isotopes? C2.3 How much?

15. C3.2 Masses of atoms & moles • How can we compare the masses of atoms? • Wh? • How can we calculate the relative formula mass of a compound from the elements it is made of? • What is the relative atomic mass of an element? [HT] C2.3 How much?

16. C3.3 Percentages & formulae • How can we calculate the percentage of an element in a compound from its formula? • Wh • ? C2.3 How much? • How can we calculate the empirical formula of a compound from its percentage composition? [HT]

17. C3.4 Equations and calculations • How can we calculate the percentage of an element in a compound from its formula? • Wh • ? • What do balanced symbol equations tell us about chemical reactions? [HT] • How do we use balanced symbol equations to calculate masses of reactants and products? [HT] C2.3 How much?

18. C3.5 Yield • What do we mean by the yield of a chemical reaction and what factors affect it? • Whxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx? • Why is it important to achieve a high yield in industry and to waste as little energy as possible? C2.3 How much? • How we calculate the percentage yield of a chemical reaction? [HT]

19. C3.6 Reversible reactions • What is a reversible reaction? • How can we represent reversible reactions? C2.3 How much?

20. C3.7 Analysing substances • What are food additives and how can we identify them? • How can we detect artificial food colourings? • What are the advantages of instrumental methods of analysis? C2.3 How much?

21. C3.8 Instrumental analysis • How can we use gas chromatography to separate compounds in a sample mixture? • How can we use a mass spectrometer to identify the compounds in the sample? C2.3 How much?

22. C4.1 How fast? • What do we mean by the rate of a chemical reaction? • How can we find out the rate of a chemical reaction? C2.4 Rates and energy

23. C4.2 Collision theory and SA • What affects the rate of a chemical reaction? • What is ‘collision theory’? • How does the collision theory explain the effect of surface area on reaction rate? C2.4 Rates and energy

24. C4.3 The effect of temperature? • How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of reactions? • How does collision theory explain this effect? C2.4 Rates and energy

25. C4.4 The effect of concentration or pressure • How does increasing the concentration of reactants in solution affect the rate of reaction ? • How does increasing the pressure of reacting gases affect the rate of reaction? C2.4 Rates and energy

26. C4.5 The effect of catalysts • What is a catalyst? • How do catalysts affect the rate of reactions? C2.4 Rates and energy

27. C4.6 Catalysts in action • Why are catalysts used in so many industrial processes? • How are new catalysts developed and why are there so many different catalysts? • What are the disadvantages of using catalysts in industry? C2.4 Rates and energy

28. C4.7 Exothermic and endothermic reactions • How is energy involved in chemical reactions? • How can we measure the energy transferred in a chemical reaction? C2.4 Rates and energy

29. 4.8 Energy and reversible reactions • What happens in the energy transfers in a reversible reaction? C2.4 Rates and energy

30. 4.9 Using energy transfers from reactions. • How can we use energy from exothermic reactions? • How can we use the cooling effect of endothermic reactions? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of using exothermic and endothermic reactions? C2.4 Rates and energy

31. C5.1 Acids and alkalis. • Why are solution s acidic or alkaline? • What are bases and alkalis? • How do measure acidity? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

32. C5.2 Making salts from metals or bases • What is made when acids react with metals? • What is made when acids react with bases? • How can we make different salts? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

33. C5.3 Making salts from solutions. • How can we make salts from an acid and alkali? • How can we make insoluble salts? • How can we remove unwanted ions from solutions? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

34. C5.4 Electrolysis. • What is electrolysis? • What types of substance can we electrolyse? • What is made when we electrolyse substances? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

35. C5.5 Changes at the electrodes. • What happens to the ions during electrolysis? • Wh? • How does water affect the products of electrolysis? • How can we represent what happens at each electrode? [HT] C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

36. C5.6 The extraction of aluminium. • How is aluminium obtained from aluminium oxide? • Why is cryolite used in the process? • What happens at each electrode in the process? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

37. C5.7 Electrolysis of brine. • What is produced when brine is electrolysed? • How do we use these products? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis

38. C5.8 Electroplating. • Why do we electroplate objects? • How can we electroplate a metal object? C2.5 Salts and electrolysis