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Lecture 2

Lecture 2. What id Development and Evolving Definitions. There is no automatic link between economic growth and human progress. Social spending, directed towards the poor, must compensate for uneven Income Distribution UNDP 1990. Social expenditures must be restructured to

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Lecture 2

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  1. Lecture 2 What id Development and Evolving Definitions

  2. There is no automatic link between economic growth and human progress Social spending, directed towards the poor, must compensate for uneven Income Distribution UNDP 1990

  3. Social expenditures must be restructured to benefit the many, rather than a few What role designers or design professionals play in this process? Or changing of this mindset

  4. End of poverty From universal poverty to varying degrees of prosperity has happened rapidly in the span of human history. Jeffry Sachs Chart: World Population World per capita income GDP per capita by region (The end of poverty page 27-28-29)

  5. THE MILLENNIUM PROMISE We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected. - Millennium Declaration, September 2000

  6. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1 End Poverty and Hunger 2 Universal Education 3 Gender Equality 4 Child Health 5 Maternal Health 6 Combat HIV/AIDS 7 Environmental Sustainability 8 Global Partnership

  7. What is poverty? • Economic poverty: below a minimum level • Poverty of basic goods and assets: UN (housing, water, schooling, sewage, occupied area, etc) • World Bank definition: Little or no capacity of choice (choice as a factor of well being). 3 levels: • - security (vulnerability) • - Inclusion (empowerment); individual vs. institutions • - Opportunities (capacities; individual vs. society) • - Thus, segregation, exclusion: • Exclusion: • Poor: a person that does not have the means to: • Participate in the social activities of the community • Reach the quality of life of the majority.

  8. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR 2015 1. Cut extreme poverty and hunger by 1/2 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment, especially in education 4. Reduce child mortality by 2/3 5. Cut maternal mortality by 3/4 6. Reverse HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Cut the proportion of people without safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 1/2 8. Establish a global partnership for development

  9. Scope of Millennium Development Goals and Targets Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day. • Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Goal 2:Achieve universal primary education • Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women • Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

  10. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality • Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under five years’ old. Goal 5: Improve maternal health • Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. • Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

  11. Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability • Integrate the principles of sustainable development within country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources. • Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. • Achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

  12. Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development • Develop further an open-trading and financial system that is rule based, predictable and non-discriminatory. This includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally. • Address the least developed countries’ special needs. This includes tariff-free and quota-free access for their exports; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction. • Address the special needs of landlocked and small-island developing states. • Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term. • In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth. • In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries. • In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies.

  13. Vulnerability • Vulnerability may be defined as the probability of an individual, a household or a community falling below a minimum level of welfare (poverty line). • Concept could be better understood via a “risk chain:” elements of risk, risk response and outcome • Chronic vulnerability, contextual vulnerability and periodic ones • UN HABITAT, 2009,

  14. GLOBAL MAP OF EXTREME POVERTY: INFANT MORTALITY AND % UNDERWEIGHT Source: UN Millennium Project/CIESIN, 2005

  15. NUMBERS OF EXTREME POOR BY REGION Source: Chen and Ravallion 2008

  16. After: M. Marmot and Chen & Ravallion 2008

  17. Number of poor (millions) living under $2.5, $2 and $1.25 a day Sub-Saharan Africa After: Marmot and Chen & Ravallion 2008

  18. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS CONDUCIVE TO MALARIA Source: Kiszewski et al., AJTMH, 2004

  19. After John McArthur Source: B Noseworthy

  20. REGIONAL PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION: 1961-2004 Source: World Bank 2008; as presented in McArthur 2008

  21. JUNE-OCTOBER PRECIPITATION VARIATION ACROSS THE SAHEL, 1898-2004 Source: Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean, 2007

  22. Global Actions and Results

  23. Lift-Off Since 2000 in Global Financing for Health(yet still only 1/3 of recommended levels) Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee

  24. Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. Source: UNAIDS 2009

  25. ITNS & LLINS • Insecticide Treated Bednets • Long Lasting Impregnated Nednets • Bednets are common. I grew up with them • Concerted effort to spread them • Combined with insecticide treatment • PermaNet Designed by: Vestergaard Frandsen S.A. Switzerland

  26. http://www.redcross.ca/malariabites/

  27. Cost of malariabites program • It’s never been easier to save a life. A $7 donation to Malaria Bites covers: • purchase of a net • shipping and distribution to families • training volunteers in Africa on malaria prevention • malaria prevention education that ensures families hang and properly use the net Source:Canadian Redcross

  28. Canadian Redcross

  29. MALAWI FOOD PRODUCTION

  30. Millennium Villages

  31. Source: JW McArthur

  32. HEALTH SYSTEMS BEFORE NOW Ambulance & C-section Bicycle Ambulance

  33. DRINKING WATER

  34. EDUCATION Before After Source: MVP 2007

  35. Receptive vocabulary scores of children, age 5, by household income levels, who were or were not read to daily, Canada Score 2 times LICO to less than 3 times LICO LICO to less than 2 times LICO Below LICO 3 times LICO or above Household income level * LICO: Low-income cut-off After: Marmot and Source: Thomas 2006, Statistics Canada: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth 2002/2003

  36. SCHOOL MEALS More than 80,000 children in the Millennium Villages now receive daily school meals Enrollments have increased 20% and more across the sites

  37. After: John McArthur

  38. CURRENT GLOBAL INVESTMENTS Source: OECD – DAC 2009

  39. Canada will host the G8/G20 Summit in 2010 How and if Canada will lead? Government Business Non-profit Design Professionals

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