NE 127 – Codes, Standards, and Regulations

1. NE 127 – Codes, Standards, and Regulations Power Industry Regulations INSTRUCTOR: Chattanooga State CC

2. Topics of Discussion • Steps in the Production of Electricity • Overview of Basic Power Plant Operation • Regulation of the Nuclear Power Industry • NRC History, Responsibilities, and Structure

3. Basic Energy Processes • Natural electrical energy cannot be harnessed • It must be converted from another energy source • Four steps in the production of electrical energy

4. Basic Energy Processes Continued Step 1 • (Fossil) Conversion of chemical energy into thermal energy (heat) through the burning of a fossil fuel (coal, oil, or gas) • (Nuclear) Conversion of nuclear energy into thermal energy by fission Step 2 • Absorption of thermal energy by water (conversion of water into steam)

5. Basic Energy Processes Continued Step 3 • (Fossil and nuclear) Conversion of thermal energy from steam into mechanical energy as steam jet spins turbine blades • (Hydro) Conversion of potential energy of water into mechanical energy as water spins turbine blades Step 4 • Conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy as rotation of turbine shaft rotates the shaft of the electrical generator, thereby producing electricity

7. Generic Coal Plant Schematic

8. Alternate Schematic

9. Detailed Schematic

10. Coal Plant Facts • In the 1920s coal plants had to burn 3 lbs of coal to produce 1 kW-hr of electricity • In the 1970s (time-frame for construction of many existing fossil plants), 1 lb of coal could produce 1 kW-hr of electricity due to improvements in plant efficiency • It takes ~11 lbs of air to burn 1 lb of coal • Slightly more air than required to ensure complete combustion • It takes ~1200 tons of water (300,000 gallons) to cool the exhaust steam from the burning of 1 ton of coal

11. Nuclear Plant Schematic

12. Alternate Nuclear Plant Schematic

13. Condenser: Common to Fossil and Nuclear Plants

14. Inspection of Turbine Blades

15. Regulation of Nuclear Power Industry • Due to potential (however slight) for a catastrophic nuclear incident, the U.S. nuclear industry is highly regulated • Title 10 of the CFR governs Energy regulations • Chapter 1 contains parts 1-199 • NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) is the regulating entity for those codes

16. History of the NRC • 1942 – Enrico Fermi, professor at University of Chicago created first sustained nuclear chain reaction under the Chicago Stadium • Atomic Energy Act of 1946 • Provided for the exclusive military use and control of nuclear energy • Atomic Energy Act of 1954 • Allowed for the commercial use of nuclear energy • Created the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

17. History of the NRC Continued • AEC Objectives • Promote the development of nuclear power • Regulate nuclear power • 1974 – Energy Reorganization Act • Abolished the AEC which was seen as controversial • Created two organizations to perform original AEC objectives • Energy Resources Development Administration (ERDA) • NRC

18. History of the NRC Continued • ERDA • Renamed Department of Energy (DOE) in 1975 • Governs the development of commercial applications of nuclear energy • NRC • Governs regulation of nuclear power

19. Three Mile Island, PA • Occurred on March 28, 1979 • Approximately half of reactor core melted • Generated fear of widespread radioactive contamination • No general evacuation was needed • Led to greater NRC emphasis on: • Operator training • “human factors” in plant performance • Emergency planning

20. NRC Responsibilities

21. More on NRC Responsibilities • Key licensing activities • Licensing the construction and operation of nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities, and overseeing their decommissioning • Licensing all facets of nuclear material • Licensing low-level and high-level waste disposal sites • Licensing operators of nuclear power and nonpower test and research reactors

22. More on NRC Responsibilities • Other key responsibilities • Inspection of licensed facilities and activities • Research on light-water reactor safety and identification of potential safety issues • Development, implementation, and enforcement of NRC regulations • Investigation of nuclear incidents and allegations • Conducting of public hearings

23. NRC Organization • Headed by 5 Commissioners • Appointed by the President • Confirmed by the Senate for 5-year terms • One Commissioner designated as Chairman • Principal executive officer • Official NRC spokesperson (currently Gregory B. Jaczko) • Role of Commission • Formulate policies • Develop regulations governing nuclear material safety and security • Issue orders to licensees • Adjudicate legal matters

24. NRC Organization Continued *Note: NRC re-organized since the preparation of the red book • Inspector General (Hubert T. Bell) reports to Chairman • Executive Director for Operations (EDO) • Supervises and coordinates policy development of EDO staff and implements Commission policy directives • EDO Organization • Oversees 3 principle offices • Office for Reactor and Preparedness Programs • Office for Materials, Waste, Research, State, Tribal and Compliance Program • Office for Corporate Management

25. NRC Structure Continued • Office for Reactor and Preparedness Programs Oversees: • Regional Offices (Regions I – IV) • Office of New Reactors • Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response • Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation • Responsible for ensuring public health and safety through licensing and inspection activities • Includes licensing of operators; emergency preparedness; facility security (including fitness for duty); inspection of component suppliers; licensing and renewal of operating licenses

26. NRC Structure Continued • Office for Materials, Waste, Research, State, Tribal and Compliance Program Oversees: • Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research • Conducts own research and coordinates research with others (universities, those in the nuclear industry) • Studies risk • Office of Enforcement • Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards • Develops and implements NRC policy for regulation of activities involving use and handling of radioactive materials, including the fuel itself, its transportation, and waste • Office of Investigations • Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management Programs

27. NRC Structure Continued • Office for Corporate Management Oversees: • Office of Information Services • Office of Administration • Computer Security Office

28. NRC Structure Continued • Direct Reports to the NRC Commission • Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards • Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel • Composed of administrative judges including lawyers, physicists, engineers, and environmental scientists • Conduct hearings for the Commission • Office of Commission Appellate Adjudication • Court of appeals

29. Next Time… • NRC Enforcement • CFRs for the Nuclear Power Industry