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Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases

Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases. College English Center College of Foreign Languages and Literature Fudan University. Lead-in. What can be seen from the following titles of news reports? Infants Exposed to Tuberculosis at Las Vegas Hospital

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Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases

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  1. Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases College English Center College of Foreign Languages and Literature Fudan University

  2. Lead-in • What can be seen from the following titles of news reports? • Infants Exposed to Tuberculosis at Las Vegas Hospital • http://abcnews.go.com/Health/infants-exposed-tuberculosis-las-vegas-hospital/story?id=20518010 • Oct. 9, 2013, ABC Times • West Nile epidemic 'worst in history'  as virus infects 1,118 in America and leaves 41 dead • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2192303/West-Nile-virus-West-Nile-epidemic-worst-history-virus-infects-1-118-America-leaves-41-dead.html • 23 August 2012 Page 26

  3. Lead-in • information-filling task Page 26

  4. Lead-in • information-filling task Page 26

  5. What to explore? • Reasons for emerging and re-emerging diseases • Updated information about some most common infectious diseases such as TB epidemic worldwide and particularly in China • Measures to be taken to reduce and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases and development of noninfectious diseases

  6. Text A: Reemerging Diseases: Gone Today, Here Tomorrow? • Santayana’s dictum • those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it • The biological corollary • The belief that we’ve vanquished our ancient microbial enemies leaves us alarmingly vulnerable to them. Page 26

  7. Language Focuses • biological • bio- • biology • biotechnology • biodiversity Page 26

  8. Language Focuses • microbial • micro- • microscope • microorganism Page 26

  9. Knowledge of the subject matter • Reemerging Diseases • Be vulnerable to the ancient microbial enemies Page 26

  10. What does the author imply by mentioning two choices? (Pre. 1) • People’s inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases • Unjustifiability of people’s complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases • Unfinished war against infectious disease Page 26

  11. Language Focuses • “Old enemies never dies” • How are the two choices understood? • Death toll Page 26

  12. Language Focuses • antibiotics • anti- • antigen • antibody • antacid • anticoagulant Page 26

  13. Knowledge of the subject matter • internecine squabbles in Congress • “New Flu Strain Spreads: Death Toll Reaches Half Million.” Page 26

  14. Describe the heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since. (Pre. 2) • Victory declarations • Surgeon General William Stewart’s hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease” • A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines • The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over Page 26

  15. Describe the heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since. (Pre. 2) • Out-of-expectation outcome • Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola • Comeback of the old afflictions • Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union • TB in urban centers like New York City • Rising Sroup A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever • The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world Page 26

  16. Language Focuses • “close the book on infectious disease.” Page 26

  17. Language Focuses • …which never really went away, though upscale opera buffs might have thought it was confined to productions of “La Boheme”… • …虽然上层社会的歌剧迷们也许觉得结核病只是歌剧《波西米亚人》中的创作，而事实上,结核病就从来没有消失过…。歌剧《波西米亚人》的女主人公咪咪死于肺结核。 Page 27

  18. Language Focuses • ‘Emergence’ is in fact regression, a return to the standard that prevailed universally in the previous century, • ‘出现新病’实际上是一种退步，又回到上个世纪普遍存在的水平。 Page 27

  19. Language Focuses • “The war has been won,” one scientist recently quipped. “By the other side.” • “战争胜利了，” 最近有位科学家嘲弄道。”是对方（传染病）获胜。” Page 27

  20. Language Focuses • streptococcal • coccus(o)- • meningococcus • [mE7niN^Eu5kCkEs] • 脑膜炎球菌 • Streptococcus • [7streptEu5kCkEs] • 链球菌 Page 27

  21. Knowledge of the subject matter • Surgeon General • Antibiotics and vaccines • medical community • from penicillin to polio • Journal of the American Medical Association • death rate • respiratory infections Page 26-27

  22. Elaborate on the joined battle.(Pre. 3) • WHO: establishment of a new division devoted worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in Oct. 1995 • CDC: launching prevention strategy in 1994 • Congress: raising fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million for 1997 Page 27

  23. Illustration by the film • Dustin Hoffman • Outbreak Page 27

  24. Knowledge of the subject matter • The World Health Organization • WHO • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • CDC • a prevention strategy • public awareness of infectious disease Page 27

  25. Justify “the realization that world health is indivisible”.(Pre. 4) • Attention to the health conditions of the globe before satisfying OUR most parochial needs • Meaninglessness of borders to pathogenic microbes • With 24 hours of time, from a crowded marketplace in Kikwit, Zaire to a New York City subway Page 27

  26. Language Focuses • pathogenic • path(o)- • pathology • pathogen Page 27

  27. Language Focuses • epidemiology • dem(o)- • epidemic • pandemic • demographics Page 27

  28. Language Focuses • epidemiology • -ology • pathology • virology • biology • neurology • physiology Page 27

  29. Knowledge of the subject matter • Six diseases identified by WHO to be monitored for re-emergence • Diphtheria • Cholera • dengue fever • yellow fever • bubonic plague Page 27

  30. Knowledge of the subject matter • attending to the health conditions of the globe • the last Ebola flare-up • pathogenic microbes • public health authorities • the epidemiology division in Columbia’s School of Public Health Page 28

  31. Exemplify the statement that “Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre. 5) • TB • Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread • Development of drug-resistant strains or even multi-drug-resistant strain • A ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromised Page 28

  32. Exemplify the statement that “Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre. 5) • Group A strep • A change in virulence • Mutation in the exterior of the bacterium • fleshing-eating bacteria of 1994 • rheumatic fever • scarlet fever Page 28

  33. Exemplify the statement that “Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre. 5) • flu • Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence • Looming next flu pandemic as bad as that of 1918 Page 28

  34. Language Focuses • immunocompromised • immun(o)- • Immunity • immunology • immunization Page 28

  35. Language Focuses • virulence • vir(o)- • virus • virology • antiviral Page 28

  36. Language Focuses • pandemic • pan(o)- • Pan-American • Pan-Pacific • panacea • cure all • all-healing Page 28

  37. Language Focuses • antigen • -gen • pathogen • carcinogen Page 28

  38. Knowledge of the subject matter • clinical professor of medicine • interim chief of infectious disease • Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center • TB is the result of socioeconomic conditions and human behavior. • Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread, with confined populations in close quarters. Page 28

  39. Knowledge of the subject matter • drug resistance • incomplete courses of antibiotic therapy >>>>>> the hardiest >>>>>>>>> new, more powerful lineages • multi-drug-resistant strain of TB • TB also hitched a ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromised—an emerging disease thus helping reignite an old one. Page 28

  40. Knowledge of the subject matter • a change in virulence, reflecting mutation in the exterior of the bacterium • The misnamed “flesh-eating bacteria” • http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/idaho-youngster-survives-flesh-eating-bacteria-20516989 • http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=61933 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis • rheumatic fever • scarlet fever Page 28

  41. Knowledge of the subject matter • Flu likewise changes its coat and in turn its level of virulence. • the pandemic of 1918-1919 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic • http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ • The flu virus is a trickster. Why? • “Old wine in new bottles.” • public health measures Page 28-29

  42. Vaccination practices are at the heart of the most infectious diseases. Use examples to prove it. (Pre. 6) • Waning immunity • Serious diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union • Deterioration in some American cities • Increased reports of malaria Page 29

  43. Knowledge of the subject matter • Vaccination practices • the pertussis and diphtheria threats • neurological complications • the waning of immunity • a crumbling public health infrastructure • organized vaccination efforts • vaccination rates • Dengue fever Page 29

  44. Knowledge of the subject matter • Even malaria has the potential to become familiar again domestically, especially if warmer weather combined with urban blight brings mosquitoes and malaria carriers together. • with stagnant water serving as mosquito breeding pools Page 29

  45. What are the four areas of focus according to Bob Howard?(Pre. 7) • Need for surveillance • Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field • Appropriate prevention and control • Strong public health infrastructure Page 30

  46. Knowledge of the subject matter • future headlines free of news of worldwide pandemics • eternal vigilance • close cooperation with the CDC Page 30

  47. “Old enemies never dies.” Justify it medically. (Pre. 8) • Resurgence of infectious diseases • TB • Flu • Diphtheria • Scarlet fever Page 26 - 30

  48. Assignment for Group Presentation • Resurgent tuberculosis is not confined only to UK. It is global, and China is no exception. It is urgent and pertinent to know the current situation of tuberculosis prevalence in China, which calls for an investigation. Work in a small group and conduct a research focused on the following aspects in China: • historical review of TB epidemiology • current incidence of TB • measures and policies adopted to control and prevent the disease. Page 44

  49. Presentations for Unit 3 • 1. How was Terry’s life before she was diagnosed with MS? (Page __) • 2. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Page __) • 3. What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Page __) • 4. What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? (Page __) • 5. Give one example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and diseases. (Page ___) • 6. What does the tile “The Seventy Percent Solution” mean? (Page ___)

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