The Clean Cities Program 2008 Update Program Priorities, Budgets & Legislation, Biofuels Updates, Future Areas of E

1. The Clean Cities Program2008 UpdateProgram Priorities, Budgets & Legislation, Biofuels Updates, Future Areas of Emphasis Mike Scarpino U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory

2. The Clean Cities Program • Established in 1993 in response to the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 • Provides a framework for businesses and governments to work together as a coalition • Coordinates the activities of petroleum displacement proponents • Mission: To advance the energy, economic and environmental security of the United States by supporting local decisions to adopt practices that reduce the use of petroleum in the transportation sector. • Goal: To expand and stimulate alternative fuel and advanced technology markets to achieve a petroleum reduction of 2.5 billion gallons of gasoline equivalent (GGEs) / year by 2020.

3. Clean Cities Today 87 Coalitions 5,452 Stakeholders 5,753 AFV Stations 500,000 AFVs using Alt Fuels

4. Alternative Fuels Increase Vehicles and Infrastructure Electricity Ethanol (E-85) Propane Natural Gas Hydrogen Biodiesel (B100) Blended Fuels Increase Use of Blends Low levels of alternative fuels with conventional fuels 10% ethanol / 90% gasoline blends (E10) 2% biodiesel / 98% diesel blends (B2) 20% biodiesel / 80% diesel blends (B20) Idle Reduction Increase Technology Use/Practices Heavy-duty trucks School Buses Hybrids Expand Market for Vehicles Light- and heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles Fuel Economy Increase Fuel Efficient Technologies and Practices Fuel efficient vehicles, behavioral changes, vehicle maintenance initiatives, etc. Clean Cities Technologies (Fuel/Technology Neutral Approach) Reduce Replace Eliminate

5. Clean Cities Program Focus Areas • Accelerated Biofuels Initiative-Accelerate BioFuels Infrastructure Development Efforts, Consumer Outreach, and Technical Support Efforts. • Technology Deployment & Demonstrations-Niche Market Fleet, Adv Vehicle Demos (PHEVs, HD HEVs, FCVs, Clean diesel) • Consumer Information & Education-Fuel Economy.Gov (General outreach activities for consumers to make educated choices for new vehicle purchases • Strengthening Coalitions-Specialized training & workshops • Expanded National Partnerships-Work w/Verizon, Enterprise, Kroger, etc. • Addressing Technical Barriers & Technical Assistance for Early Adopters-Coordinate specialized training and outreach to public safety officials, first responders, fleet maintenance personnel, etc. Distribute incident response procedures and guidelines. UL certifications. CNG Cylinder Program.

6. Clean Cities Coalitions: Public-Private Partnerships • Coalition Objectives • Identify and educate fleets about alternative fuels • Build necessary refueling sites • Train drivers, mechanics, policymakers and others • Educate the public • Find adequate resources for AFV projects • Encourage governments to pass legislation favorable to AFVs • Fiscal incentives, e.g. taxes • Non-fiscal incentives, e.g. green parking, HOV access

7. Funding: Program Budgets & Past / Future DOE Solicitations

8. Clean Cities Program Budget $ Millions

9. Clean Cities Leverages Funding Grants Awarded to Coalitions in 2006

10. Potential Funding Categories for FY 09 Solicitation • 1. Infrastructure for Alternative Fuels: • - intend to fund a percentage of the infrastructure cost associated with developing alternative fuel fueling capability. • 2. Education/Outreach & Workshops: • - intended to provide technical support to help accelerate the transition to biofuels and other alternative fuels in the transportation sector. This may include the development of educational materials, direct technical assistance, and workshops on subjects such as, Vehicle/Fuel Benefits and Availability, Fuel Handling & Quality, First Responder Training, the Safe and Proper use of AFVs and refueling equipment/stations, working with local public safety and regulatory officials, etc. • 3. Incremental Cost of Alternative Fuel Vehicles • - intend to fund a percentage of the incremental cost associated with purchase of dedicated alternative fuel vehicles. • 4. Biofuels College/University Program • - intend to fund projects to support an integrated program from curriculum through application to demonstrate production and use of biofuels on campus (vehicle fleets, heating, off-road vehicles, etc.) 10

11. Potential Schedule for FY 09 Clean Cities Program Solicitation • NETL will have Project Management and Administrative oversight • Estimated Date to Issue Solicitation: late Oct / early Nov 2008 • Estimated Due Date For Proposals: late January, 2009 • Estimated Award Date: Spring 2009 • Estimated Funding Available: $6 million in DOE funds over 2 year funding period (i.e. $3 million in FY 09 funds & $3 million in FY 10 funds). • Note: Some awards may be jointly funded by Clean Cities and the DOE Biomass Program (OBP). All funding estimates are contingent upon final Federal budget appropriations for FY09 and future years. 11

12. Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 (EISA)

13. Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 (EISA) • December 2007, Congress Passes and President Signs the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140) • What EISA did: • Expanded Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) to 36B gal/yr of renewable fuel by 2022 (vs. 7.5B gal/yr by 2012, from EPAct 2005) - Corn Ethanol limited to 15B of 36B gallons in 2022 – remaining 21B gallons is Advanced Biofuels & Biodiesel must be at least 1B gallons in 2022 • Increased Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) - Increases CAFE levels to 35 mpg overall by 2020 – estimated to save 0.9M barrels per day by 2020, and 2M barrels per day by 2030 • What EISA did NOT do: • Create New Tax Incentives

14. EISA Biofuels Utilization Sec. 244 – Renewable Fuel Infrastructure & Fueling Station Grants • Calls for DOE to administer grants for renewable fuel infrastructure (blends of >10% up to 85% with gasoline (no cap for diesel blends)) – up to 33% of costs, up to $180,000 for any single retail outlet. No double benefit w/tax credits. • Also allows for technical/marketing assistance. • Also includes refueling infrastructure corridor program • up to 10 areas, • maximum of $20M/applicant, • requires involvement of EERE Vehicle Technology deployment program participants • $200M/yr Authorization, FY2008-2014. No funds appropriated. • Authorization DOES NOT EQUAL Appropriation – just because Congress authorizes money doesn’t mean the program gets it.

15. EISA – Rulemaking for State & Fuel Provider Program • EISA Section 133 calls for DOE to allocate acquisition credits under the S&FP Program for the following: • Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles • Hybrid Electric Vehicles • Medium or Heavy duty Electric Vehicles • Neighborhood Electric Vehicles • Plug-In Electric Vehicles • Investments in AF refueling equipment or off-road equipment • Investments in emerging technologies • DOE is required to allocate these credits by 1/31/09. This action requires a rulemaking. • Notice of Proposed Rulemaking anticipated to be issued in summer 2008.

16. EISA – Renewable Fuel Standard • Expands the Renewable Fuel Standard to 36B gal/yr of renewable fuel by 2022 (vs. 7.5B gal/yr by 2012, from EPAct 2005) • Fuels include: • Corn ethanol • Advanced biofuels • Cellulosic ethanol and ethanol from other non-corn biomass sources • Biomass-based Diesel (Biodiesel) • Biogas • Butanol and other alcohols from biomass • Other fuels from cellulosic biomass • EPA will develop regulations to implement • Corn Ethanol limited to 15B of 36B gallons in 2022 – remaining 21B gallons is Advanced Biofuels • Biodiesel must be at least 1B gallons in 2022

17. EISA – Corporate Average Fuel Economy • Increases CAFE levels to 35 mpg overall by 2020 – estimated to save 0.9M barrels per day by 2020, and 2M barrels per day by 2030 • DOT/NHTSA to develop implementing regulations • Continues to allow separate standards for passenger cars and light trucks • Manufacturers can still separate results for domestic and import passenger cars • Flexible Fuel Vehicle credit continues at current 1.2mpg credit level through 2014, then ramps down to complete phase-out after 2019 • Fines – half goes to DOT to administer CAFE program, half goes to DOT to provide grants for manufacturing conversion for advanced technologies • Calls for development of Medium- and Heavy-Duty fuel economy standards, after completion of a National Academies of Science study

18. EISA – Biofuels Utilization • R&D on optimizing FFVs to run on ethanol • R&D on optimizing engines to run on various biodiesel blends • Specifications for biodiesel (ASTM or EPA), and enforcement by EPA • Study on biogas R&D needs for use in NGVs • Opening up opportunities for renewable fuel infrastructure through prohibiting restrictions in franchise agreements • Study of feasibility of requiring fuel retailers to install E85 pumps • Study of feasibility of constructing ethanol pipelines • Study adequacy of rail transport system for ethanol • Distribution infrastructure R&D

19. Food For Fuel: Truths & Myths

20. Food vs. FuelFactors Affecting Food Costs • Higher Agricultural Commodity and Energy Prices • Growth in Foreign Demand • Reduced Foreign Competition and Supply • Depreciating U.S. Dollar • Buying of Grain and Oilseed Futures • Weather, Drought

21. Food vs. Fuel:Factors Affecting Food Costs • Less than one third of U.S. retail food contains corn as a major ingredient. • Corn exports increased from 53.9 metric tons in 2006/2007 to 63.5 metric tons in 2007/2008. USDA, FAS, 5/2008 • Ethanol production and availability may have positively impacted fuel costs. • “Across all food consumed, 30% higher corn prices increase all average food prices by 1.1% percent.” Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Helen H. Jensen, Bruce A. Babcock, Iowa Ag Review, Summer 2007

22. Components of Retail Food Costs Source: USDA Direct energy costs and transportation costs account for roughly 8% of retail food costs in 2005. Main Street Economist, Vol. III, Issue I; 2008; Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City

23. Food vs. Fuel: Corn as Feed • Feed Corn Usage • 2.6 lb of corn to produce 1 lb of chicken • 6.5 lb of corn to produce 1 lb of pork • 7 lb of corn to produce 1 lb of beef • With corn at $2.28/bushel (20 year average), 56 lb/bushel or $.04/lb of corn, feed corn adds: • $.10/lb of chicken • $.26/lb of pork • $.29/lb of beef • Using the 2007 average price of corn of $3.40 and assuming price increases would all be passed on to the consumer, prices would have increased: • $.05/lb for chicken • $.13/lb for pork • $.14/lb for beef Amber Waves, Vol. 6, Issue 1; USDA

24. Food vs. Fuel: Corn Products for Human Consumption • An 18-oz box of corn flakes contains approximately 12.9-oz of milled field corn • With corn at $2.28/bushel (20 year average), 56 lb/bushel or $.04/lb of corn, the corn value of the corn in this box is $.033. • Using the 2007 average price of corn of $3.40 and assuming price increases will all be passed on to the consumer, prices would increase by $.016. • A 2-liter bottle of soda contains approximated 15 oz of corn in the form of high-fructose corn syrup. • With corn at $2.28/bushel (20 year average) the value of the corn is $.038. • Using $3.40/bushel prices would increase by $.019. Amber Waves, Vol. 6, Issue 1, USDA

25. Water Usage • 96% of field corn used for ethanol is not irrigated • Water consumption for the other 4% is approximately 1.2 acre-feet of water per acre or approximately 785 gal for every gallon of ethanol produced • Water usage for ethanol production ranges from 3-4 gal of water per gallon of ethanol produced. • Future cellulosic production is estimated to use 1.9-6 gal of water per gallon of ethanol • Water usage for petroleum refining ranges between 45-50 gal consumed per barrel of crude or 2-2.5 gal per gallon of gasoline Water Usage for Current and Future Ethanol Production, Andy Aden, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Southwest Hydrology, 9-10/2007

26. Price Impact on Gasoline:Three Different Points of View “The growth in ethanol production has caused retail gasoline prices to be $0.20 to $0.40 per gallon lower than would otherwise been the case.” The Impact of Ethanol Production on U.S. and Regional Gasoline Prices and on the Profitability of the U.S. Oil Refinery Industry, Working Paper 08-WP 467, April 2008, Xiaodong Du and Dermot J. Hayes, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University “Oil and gas prices would be about 15% higher if biofuel producers weren’t increasing their output.” Francisco Blanch, Merrill Lynch, The Wall Street Journal, 3/2008 “The use of 10% ethanol blend saved Missouri drivers $.077 per gallon at the retail pump in 2007.” Impact of Ethanol on Retail Gasoline Prices in Missouri, John M. Urbanchuk, LECG LLC, 4/2008

27. Conclusion: Several Global Impacts Contribute To Increasing Food Prices. A Complex Issue  Global Supply  Global Demand  Value of the Dollar  Oil Demand & Price • Buying of Grain and Oilseed Futures (i.e. commodity prices) • Increased use of Biofuels

28. Stakeholder & General Public Information and Education: Tools & Services

29. Clean Cities Website Tools Clean Cities AFDC FuelEconomy.gov – in partnership with EPA

30. Clean Cities and AFDC Website Tools • Alternative Fuel Station Locator • Financial Opportunities • Incentives and Laws • Clean Fleet Guide • Success Stories • Current Model Listing and Listing for 2001 – 2007 • Clean Cities, Vehicle Manufacturers and Industry Contacts Listing • Natural Gas, Hybrid, and Flex Fuel Cost Calculators • Idle Reduction Equipment Listing and Search Options • Searchable Document Database • Related Links • Vehicle Make/Model - Heavy- and Light-Duty Vehicles

31. Incentives and Laws

32. Refueling Station Locator

33. Technology Bulletins • Technological breakthroughs, issues, and news

34. Data, Analysis & Trends • Data, Analysis & Trends are available for: • Vehicles • Fuels • Infrastructure • Biomass Resources • Geographic • Incentives and Laws • Clean Cities • State and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets • Federal Fleets