1 / 34

Introduction Anatomy

Introduction Anatomy. Azami PHD. Definition. Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems. History of Anatomy .

duante
Download Presentation

Introduction Anatomy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction Anatomy • Azami PHD

  2. Definition • Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” • Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically • Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

  3. History of Anatomy • Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. • First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

  4. Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th ) • When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. • Cadavers were no longer used • Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

  5. 16th Century Contributions • Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

  6. 19th Century • Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses • Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

  7. Modern Anatomy • X-rays, CT scans, MRI

  8. Anatomy definition • A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. • Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. • This is generally divided into: • Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) • Histology(microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) • Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

  9. Gross Anatomy • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system • Regional– all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Surface– study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

  10. Organ systems • Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints) • Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) • Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs) • Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas) • Urinary (kidney, bladder) • Reproductive (male/female) • Nervous system

  11. Anatomical Planes • Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts • Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferiorparts

  12. Anatomical terminology Anatomical planes

  13. Anatomical planes -1 • Sagittal:Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

  14. Anatomical planes - 2 • Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

  15. Anatomical planes - 3 • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts

  16. Body Planes 1 2 3

  17. Locomotor System • General • Skeleton • Muscles • Joints

  18. Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

  19. Movements Prone • Lying face down Pronation Supine • Lying face upSupination

  20. Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

  21. Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

  22. Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward

  23. اعمال دستگاه عضلانی • حرکت • حفظ موقعیت بدن • حفاظت از ارگان های داخلی • کنترل ورود و خروج • حفظ دمای بدن

  24. انواع عضله: از نظر شکل ظاهری

  25. اتصال عضلات اسکلتی

  26. Joint Mechanics

  27. نحوه عملکرد عضلات اسکلتی

  28. متضاد و در خلاف جهت یکدیگر هم نيروزايي و هم جهت Antagonistic muscles Synergistic muscles

  29. نکته • بدن انسان حدود 700 عضله دارد که دارای نام هستند. • از روی نام عضله می توان به شکل، جایگاه، ابتدا و انتها، عملکردو... پی برد.

  30. The Joints

  31. Joint Cartilage Since this cartilage does not contain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the synovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading and unloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the cartilage.Lackof movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead to degenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage Joint Capsule and Synovial Fluid When a joint is immobilized over a prolonged period of time, the connective tissue fibers shorten, the joint capsule shrinks, and the mobility of the joint can be severely compromised (joint contracture).

  32. Bursa

More Related