Chapters 12 Freshwater Resources

1. Chapters 12Freshwater Resources

2. Chapter 12.1Fresh Water is an Essential Resource

3. State Objectives • Explain how the impact of human activities on the environment (e.g., deforestation, air pollution, coral reef destruction) can be understood through the analysis of interactions between the four Earth systems.

4. Book Objectives • Explain how water is required for life. • List the ways in which water is used for human activities.

5. Warm-up • If you had to get water for your family like this each day, how might that affect the way you thought about and used water at your house?

6. Water Uses and Sources • Farming • Irrigation of crops • Flood irrigation • Spray irrigation • Water for animals • Water sources • Rain • Aquifers • Rivers • Lakes

7. Flood Irrigation

8. Spray Irrigation

9. Water Uses and Sources • Industry • Mining • Cooling machines • Manufacturing processes Sources: • Aquifers • Rivers • Lakes

10. Water Uses and Sources • Transportation • Move cargo on large ships and barges

11. Water Uses and Sources • Recreation • Whitewater rafting, canoeing, kayaking, fishing, swimming, boating

12. Water Uses and Sources • Fisheries and Aquaculture • Fish farming provides food all over the world • Can add excess nutrients and pollution to local fresh water • Hatcheries • Raise fish to release in the wild Water sources: • Lakes, rivers and aquifers

13. Fish Farming

14. Fish Farming

15. Water Uses and Sources • Energy • Water wheels • Hydroelectric dams • Provide electricity

16. Hoover Dam

17. Water Uses and Sources • Dams • Control the flow of rivers • Creates manmade lakes (reservoirs) • Can be part of a hydroelectric system • Can be part of a lock system • Changes ecosystems • Unintentional flooding problems • Fish problems (they can’t get past it)

18. Water Uses and Sources • Locks • Create “stair steps” in a river or canal to allow boats to navigate areas that would otherwise be impassible. • Uses a series of gates to connect areas of different elevation • Can connect lakes of different elevations

19. St. Lawrence Seaway

20. St. Lawrence Seaway

21. Locks in the Panama Canal

22. Panama Canal

23. Use What You Learned Use the picture on page 399 to answer the following: • What river is shown? • What change occurs between locks and dams 11, 14, and 21? • How many locks and dams are there on the Mississippi between Dubuque and St. Louis? • What do the dams along the river do? • What do the locks do? • What is in the lock in the picture?

24. Learning Checkup • What are some of the ways that humans make use of water? • Explain how a dam or lock system can change the hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere in a region. • Look at the picture on page 400, what do you think the landscape looked like before the dam? How does this picture illustrate one of the problems with dams that we discussed yesterday?

25. Chapter 12.2Society Depends on Clean and Safe Water

26. State Objectives • Explain how water quality in both groundwater and surface systems is impacted by land use decisions

27. Book Objectives • Explain how drinking water and wastewater are treated. • Identify ways that fresh water can become polluted. • Explain how water pollution can be prevented.

28. Three Minute Warmup • Imagine that the water supply is cut off for one day. How would this affect your life and the lives of other people and organisms?

29. Water Quality • Concentration:the amount of a substance that is in another substance. • Often expressed in parts per million. • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the standards for water quality.

30. Water Quality • Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water in relationship to a set of standards. The primary uses considered for such characterization are parameters which relate to drinking water, safety of human contact, and for health of ecosystems.

31. EPA Standards

32. EPA sets standards for: • Disease causing organisms • Metals • Chemicals • Radioactive materials

33. Drinking Water Treatment Plants Water is drawn from a river or lake. Water is stored and distributed. Water is treated. VISUALIZATION See a water treatment plant in action. Water is treated for safe drinking.

34. Drinking Water Treatment Plants • Four major steps in treating drinking water • Adding disinfecting chemicals and clumping agents • Letting huge dirt clumps sink out • Filtering out dust and dirt • Killing bacteria with chlorine

35. Wastewater Treatment • Sewage system: a system that collects and treats wastewater from a city or town. • Wastewater: water that runs down the drain (or is flushed down the toilet); it comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture.

36. Wastewater Treatment

37. Wastewater Treatment • Main steps of cleaning wastewater in a treatment plant: • Straining and letting sludge settle out • Adding chlorine • Pumping in oxygen to help grow bacteria that eat sludge and oil • Skimming grease and letting more sludge settle out • Adding chemicals

38. Water Use Cycle • Which parts of drinking water treatment are similar to wastewater treatment?

39. Wastewater Treatment • Septic System: a small wastewater system used by a home or a business. More common in rural areas.

40. Sewage Treatment Plant

41. Water Pollution • Point-source pollution • Known source • Easy to spot & easier to stop • Non-point source pollution • Unknown source (often found in runoff) • Hard to find and stop source

42. Sources of Water Pollution • Look at the picture on pg 407, and answer the following: • What are five major categories of water pollution sources? • What causes urban pollution? • What is the plane doing? • How is the ship causing water pollution? • Why might a part of the river downstream be more polluted than a part of the river upstream? • Which sources of pollution have you seen occurring?

43. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution • Don’t pour toxic chemicals down the drain or onto the ground. • Instead take them to hazardous waste collection sites. • Don’t put computers and other electronic devices, batteries, etc. in the trash. • Dispose of them properly or recycle them. • Stop or cut down on the use of toxic chemicals (weed killers, chemical fertilizers, etc.)

44. Learning Checkup • Answer the review questions 1 – 6 on page 409.

45. 3 minute WarmupHow is the water quality of this river impacted by human land use decisions?

46. Chapter 12.3Water Shortages Threaten Society

47. Book Objectives • Explain how overuse causes water shortages. • Identify ways that water can be conserved.

48. Does Water Cost More Than Gasoline? • How much is a liter bottle of water? • How much is a gallon of gas? • Multiple the cost of a gallon of gas by 0.26 to find the price of a liter of gas. • Which is more expensive? • What does that tell you about the value of drinking water?

49. Causes of Water Shortages • Increasing world population • Water is going to cities instead of farms. • Drought: long period of abnormally low rainfall.

50. Causes of Water Shortages 3. Overuse • Agriculture uses 2/3 (60%) of world’s available fresh water, but almost HALF of that (20 - 30% of world’s available fresh water) is lost to evaporation due to poor irrigation methods. • Rivers, lakes and aquifers worldwide are being depleted. • Draining an aquifer can destroy it, so it can never be fully recharged.