Chapter

1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Marketing Research

3. What is online research? • Online research:the use of computer networks, including the Internet, to assist in any phase of the marketing research process including development of the problem, research design, data gathering, analysis, and report writing and distribution

4. The Marketing Research Process: 11 Steps • Step One: Establishing the Need for Marketing Research • Step Two: Defining the Problem • Step Three: Establishing Research Objectives • Step Four: Determining Research Design • Step Five: Identifying Information Types and Sources • Step Six: Determining Methods of Accessing Data

5. The Marketing Research Process: 11 Steps cont… • Step Seven: Designing Data Collection Forms • Step Eight: Determining Sample Plan and Size • Step Nine: Collecting Data • Step Ten: Analyzing Data • Step Eleven: Preparing and Presenting the Final Research Report

6. The Marketing Research Process Step One: Establish the Need for Marketing Research • Marketing Research is not needed when the: • required information is already available • decisions need to be made now • organization can’t afford the research • costs outweigh the value of the research

7. The Marketing Research Process Step Two: Define the Problem • The most important step in the marketing research process is defining the problem.

8. The Marketing Research Process Step Three: Establish Research Objectives • What information is needed in order to solve the problem?

9. The Marketing Research Process Step Four: Determine Research Design • Exploratory Research: collecting information in an unstructured and informal manner • Descriptive Research: refers to a set of methods and procedures describing marketing variables • Causal Research (experiments and other approaches): allows isolation of causes and effects

10. The Marketing Research Process Step Five: Identify Information Types and Sources • Secondary Data: information that has been collected for some purpose other than the research at hand • Primary Data: information that has been gathered specifically for the research objectives at hand

11. The Marketing Research Process Step Six: Determine Methods of Accessing Data • Secondary Data: accessing data through sources such as the Internet and library • Primary Data: collecting data from participants through methods such as telephone, mail, online, and face-to-face (quantitative), and observation studies and focus groups (qualitative)

12. The Marketing Research Process Step Seven: Design Data Collection Forms • The design of the data collection form that is used to ask or observe and record information in marketing research projects is critical to the success of the project. • It is easy to write a set of questions but very difficult to construct a questionnaire. • General types of “instruments” (forms) • Questionnaires • Observation Study forms (protocols)

13. The Marketing Research Process Step Eight: Determine Sample Plan and Size • Sample plan: refers to the process used to select units from the population to be included in the sample • Sample size: refers to determining how many elements (units) of the population should be included in the sample

14. The Marketing Research Process Step Nine: Collect Data • Sound data collection is very important because, regardless of the data analysis methods used, data analysis cannot “fix” bad data. 12 • Nonsampling errors may occur during data collection. These are related to poor design and/or execution of the data gathering. • Sampling errors may occur based purely on chance

15. The Marketing Research Process Step Ten: Analyze Data • Data analysis: involves entering data into computer files, inspecting data for errors (data cleaning), running tabulations (frequencies), and conducting various statistical tests

16. The Marketing Research Process Step Eleven: Prepare and Present the Final Research Report • Findings are presented, often by research objective, in a clear and concise way. • The need for a good report cannot be overstated. It is the report, and/or its presentation, that properly communicates the results to the client.

17. Scope of Marketing Research • Sales Analysis • Product Management • Advertising Research • Corporate Research • Syndicated Research

18. Growing Importance of Research in India • Monopolistic Business • Demand was more than Supply • Business was local; hence close to customers

19. Challenges faced in India • Country’s vast size • Diversity in the population • Infrastructure problem • Literacy Issues • Attitudinal problems

20. Marketing Research: A Brief History • Pre-Marketing Research Era: colonization to the Industrial Revolution • Early Development Era: Industrial Revolution to 1920 • Questionnaire Era: 1920-1940 • Quantitative Era: 1940 to 1960 • Organizational Acceptance Era: 1960 to 1980 • PC Technology Era: 1980 to 1990 • Globalization-Online Era: since 1990

21. Research Suppliers

22. A Statement of Objectives Data inputs required on the basis of which the research problem has to be solved Method of Analysis Simply a BluePrint! Research Design

23. Refer to Book 1, page 24 We must have one strong evidence to say that there exist a strong association between an action (causal variable) and ultimate outcome (effect variable) Action (causal variable) must precede outcome (effect variable) There must be no other possible factor (causal factor) which could have resulted in the observed outcome Types of Research Designs

24. Provides info to enable a more precise problem definition or hypothesis formulation Establishing research priorities Gives researched a feel of the problem Good start Methods Used Survey of literature Survey of experienced individuals Analysis of selected case situations Exploratory Research Design

25. Most commonly used Combination of qualitative and quantitative More formal as compared to Exploratory Types Panel Discussion Focus Groups Cross Sectional Designs Descriptive Research Designs

26. R = Random X = Experimental Treatment O = Observation Quasi Experimental Designs

27. X O Also called one-shot case study Test unit not selected at random Single group is exposed to treatment and then measurement is taken Eg: Effect of training on sales force No meaningful No prior observation available for comparison The level of ‘O’ could be result of other factors in addition of the effect of ‘X’ After-Only Without Control Group

28. O1 X O2 Eg: Before training how did the sales perform in comparison to after training Limitation as does not consider: Selection Bias: not randomly selected History: Economic conditions may have improved Maturation: Salesforce may have gained more experience Testing: The pre-test measurement might have affected the performance Instrumentation: Prices may have changed during that period Mortality: Some test units may have left during the period of training Before-After without Control Group

29. Use of two groups Group 1 exposed to treatment and Group 2 is not Group 1 (experimental Group): X1 O1 Group 2 (Control Group): X2 O2 Note X2 is regular routine or program Experiment result is obtained by O1 – O2 Limitation: Groups not sleeted on random and some test units may have left during the period of trainin The Static Group Comparison Design

30. Refer to fig in Book 1 page 34 Extension of one group pre-test and post-test design Periodic measurement are taken for the same unit Ex: Advertising campaign’s effect on Market Share Refer the Dig. Time Series Design

31. Experimental Group: O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6 Control Group: O1’ O2’ O3’ O4’ O5’ O6’ Multiple Time Series Design

32. After-only with One Control Group Before-After with One Control Group Four Group Design Experimental Designs

33. Data Collection

34. Primary Versus Secondary Data • Primary data: information that is developed or gathered by the researcher specifically for the research project at hand • Secondary data: information that has previously been gathered by someone other than the researcher and/or for some other purpose than the research project at hand

35. Classification of Secondary Data • Internal secondary data: data that have been collected within the firm • Internal databases: databases (collection of data and information describing items of interest) consisting of information gathered by a company typically during the normal course of business transactions

36. Classification of Secondary Data…cont. • External secondary data: data obtained from outside the firm • Types: • Published • Syndicated Services Data • External Databases

37. Advantagesof Secondary Data • Obtained quickly (compared to primary data gathering) • Inexpensive (compared to primary data gathering) • Usually available • Enhances existing primary data

38. Disadvantages of Secondary Data • Mismatch of the units of measurement • Need daily data yet only monthly available, need incomes of $75,000 and over only available $50,000 and over • Differing class definitions used – Need users “in between” heavy, medium or light users • Timeliness (how current is the secondary data) • Lack of information needed to assess the credibility of the reported data (next slide)

39. Evaluating Secondary Data • What was the purpose of the study? • Who collected the information and when was this done? • What information was collected (questions, scales, etc.)? • How was the information obtained (sampling frame, method of sample draw, communication method, resulting sample, etc.)? • How consistent is the information with other published information?

40. Structured & Direct Questionnaire / Interviews Unstructured & Direct Sentence Completion/ Picture Interpretation/ Word Association/ Focus groups Structured & Indirect Observations & Media Unstructured & Indirect Observations & Media Basic Method of Data Collection

41. Investigator Personal Bias Misinterpretation Respondent Ambiguity Not true feedback provided Sources of Error in Data Collection

42. Population: Entire Universe Sampling Unit: List of those elements that can be considered as ‘Available’ for selection at some stage Sampling Frame: List of sampling units Sample: Actual selection for research Element: An individual item in the sample Sampling

43. Define Population Specify sampling frame Choose appropriate sampling design Non-probability Method Probability Method Determine sample size Select actual members of sample Sampling Process

44. Simple Random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Cluster Sampling Probability Sampling

45. Convenience: 100 stores in one location 50 students in a class One state in a country Judgment: Researcher draws a sample that he thinks is the representation of the population Quota Sampling: Like Stratified sampling but the difference is that the selection of sample in the quota is not random (but judgment of researcher) the way it is with Stratified sampling Non-probability Sampling Method

46. Questionnaire Format Structure: Open ended/ Close Ended Disguise Mostly non-disguised questionnaires are used. At times disguised questionnaires are designed in ‘motivation research’ to handle sensitive issues like attitude, aids patience, abortion cases etc. Method of Administration: Personal Interview Telephone Email Questionnaire Design

47. Preliminary Decisions What info can be obtained from secondary data Who is the Target Respondent Type of Questionnaire &Method of Administration Question Content Is the question really essential? Can respondent understand the question? Can respondent answer the question? Will respondent answer the question? Question Phrasing Are there any ambiguities in question framing? Is there an implied answer/ alternative to the question Are there any assumptions to be made to answer the question? Will the respondent approach the question with the same frame of reference as that of the designer? Steps involved in Design

48. Form of response to each question Open ended/ Close ended? Sequence of questions Simple and open ended Logical sequence Design Branching question with care Lay-out of questionnaire Pre-test Questionnaire Steps involved in Design

49. Refer Book 2, page 44 Constructing a Questionnaire

50. Too long questionnaire Too long questions Using vocab unfamiliar to respondent Ambiguous words Combined questions Avoid