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Chapter 6 Cognitive development

Chapter 6 Cognitive development. pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238, , 242-243, 246-247,259-260. 一、什麼是認知 (cognition) ? 認知發展 ( cognitive development)?. 知道 (knowing) 之心智內在歷程與結果 (inner processes and products of mind) ,包括注意、記憶、象徵、分類、計畫、推理、問題解決等等 認知發展 ( cognitive development). 二、 探討認知發展的取向.

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Chapter 6 Cognitive development

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  1. Chapter 6 Cognitive development pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238, , 242-243, 246-247,259-260

  2. 一、什麼是認知(cognition)? 認知發展(cognitive development)? • 知道(knowing)之心智內在歷程與結果(inner processes and products of mind),包括注意、記憶、象徵、分類、計畫、推理、問題解決等等 • 認知發展(cognitive development)

  3. 二、 探討認知發展的取向 1.皮亞傑:認知發展理論 Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory 2. Vygotsky:社會文化觀點 Vygotsky’s sociocultrual viewpoint 3.訊息處理系統Information-processing perspectives 4.心理計量觀點Psychometric viewpoints

  4. 三、皮亞傑:認知發展理論 (一)時期論(stage theory) 1.認知結構的改變(structural whole) 2.順序是固定的 3.世界一同

  5. (二)重要概念 1.基模(scheme) 特定的心理結構,即有組織的方法以使經驗成為有意義 (1)感覺動作基模(sensorimotor scheme): dropping scheme (2)心智表徵(mental representation): 心智所能處理之訊息的內在描述 • Images:mental pictures of objects, people, space • Concepts: categories in which similar objects or events are grouped together

  6. Sensorimotor scheme • Symbolic scheme • Operational scheme

  7. 2.發展的機轉 (1)適應(adaptation) 經由直接與環境的互動而建立基模 • 同化(assimilation) 使用現有的基模去解釋新的刺激 • 調節(accommodation) 創造新基模或改變舊基模去解釋新的刺激 (2)組織(organization) • 將一些基模加以重組而成為互有關聯、更複雜的基模或認知系統

  8. 3.認知平衡(cognitive equilibration)與不平衡 • 認知平衡 認知狀態處於穩定和舒服的情況

  9. (三)發展時期 • 感覺動作期(sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr) • 前運思期(preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr) • 具體運思期(concrete operational stage, 6,7-11,12yr) • 形式運思期(formal operational stage, 11,12yr-)

  10. 1.感覺動作期(sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr) • 兩個重要發展: 物體永久性(object permanence)、 模仿(imitation) (2)6 個次時期 (substages)p.222,223,224 循環反應(circular reaction) A-not-B search error (3) 評論: 物體永久性 the violation-of-expectation method Bailargeon (2004) p.226

  11. 2.前運思期(the preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr) (1)Representational insight (2) 前概念期 (The preconceptual period,2-4 yr) a. Emerging of symbolic thought b. dual representation

  12. Dual representation • Piaget: symbolic thought • DeLoache: preschooler’s abilities to use scale models & pictures as symbol Ss:2 ½, 3yr Task: find a toy hidden in a room Steps: • Show a scale model of the room, a mini-toy behind a chair in the model • Retrieval 1: find the toy in the real room • Retrieval 2: find the mini-toy in the model

  13. Result • 3yr:retrieval 1:75%, retrieval 2:90% • 2 ½ yr: :15%, :80% • Can’t use the model as symbol Show a photo of a real room • 2 ½ yr can find • 2 ½ yr lack of dual representation: • The ability to think about an object in two different setting

  14. c. Deficits in preconceptual reasoning 萬物有靈論(Animism) 自我中心(Egocentrism) p.236

  15. (3)直覺時期(The intuitive period,4-7yr) • 未具有保留概念/集中一面(Incapable of conservation/centration)p.237 整體性(identity) 互補性(compensation) 可逆性(reversibility)

  16. 分類能力 2-5 ½歲 • 群聚之間並不互斥,群聚內的項目也不一定具有共同的屬性 5 ½-7歲 • 根據相似性分類,會根據不同的標準形成幾個小類,但會留下一堆未能納入任何一類的 • 根據相似性分類,會根據不同的標準形成幾個小類,但不再會留下未能歸類的 • 每一個項目都能納入且只納入根據一致標準劃分的某一類

  17. 7歲- • 階層分類(hierarchical classification) 先根據形狀,同一形狀下在一不同顏色 • 階層集合包含(Class inclusion) (p.238)

  18. 3.具體運思期 ( The concrete operational stage,7-11 yr) (1)保留概念(Conservation) (2)關係邏輯(Relational logic) 心智序列(Mental seriation) 轉移(Transitivity) (3)評論 水平差距(Horizontal decalage) 與 structural whole

  19. 4.形式運思期 (The formal-operational stage,11-12 yr) • 假設—演繹推理(Hypothetic-deductive reasoning) (2)評論 解決問題或發現問題 相對思考發展

  20. 四. Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective (一)四個相關的分析層次 (Four interrelated levels of analysis) #個體發展(Ontogenetic development) #極小發展(Microgenetic development: changes that occur over relatively brief periods of time) #物種發展(Phylogenetic development) #社會歷史發展(Sociohistoricaldevelopment)

  21. (二)重要概念 (1)智能適應的工具 (Tools of intellectual adaptation) elementary mental function 透過社會文化的轉換,包括: (1) how to think:傳遞Tools of intellectual adaptation(在和他人互動中,內 化思考的方法和解決問題的策略) (2) what to think:傳遞社會文化中的信念和價值 higher mental function

  22. (2)最佳發展區(The zone of proximal development )(ZPD) 個體可獨力完成task 這個範圍即是學習發生之所在 促進認知發展的社會互動之特徵: intersubjectivity scaffolding guided participation task太困難而無法獨力完成,但可藉由成人或熟練 的同儕之協助而完成

  23. 鷹架(Scaffolding) 在教導的情境中,依據孩子現有的表現水準,來調整所提供的支持與協助(在學習情境中,專家對於新手的學習予以指導或反應,而新手藉此慢慢的增加對問題的瞭解) 指導參與(Guided participation) 孩子參與文化活動,而文化活動中有技巧較熟練的大人,透過參與、觀察大人而學習

  24. (3) 語言的角色 • Piaget: egocentric speech to social speech • Vygotsky: private speech to inner speech

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