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Kidney Anatomy and Urine Formation Process

Explore the anatomy of the kidney, including its size, structure, and function. Learn about the nephron, blood supply, urine formation process, hormonal regulation, and diseases affecting the urinary system.

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Kidney Anatomy and Urine Formation Process

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  1. Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.1 Anatomy of the Kidney

  2. Kidney Location and Size

  3. Anatomy of the Kidney • Retroperitoneal and fat covered • 11 cm X 3cm X 6cm • 150 gm • renal cortex • Outer, light colored • renal medulla • Middle, darker • Renal pyramids • renal pelvis • Inner, leads to ureter • hollow

  4. Anatomy of the Kidney • renal medulla • Pyramid • Base- out • Papilla-in • Columns • Separate • Ureter • One for each • bladder • urethra

  5. Nerve and Blood Supply • 20–25% of blood flows to kidneys • renal artery • renal vein • sympathetic nerve system • renal nerve fibers • Mesh around renal artery • Everything connects at the Hilum

  6. The Nephron • basic working unit of each kidney • Each kidney has 1 million nephrons • Each nephron has a blood supply and creates urine • two main parts • renal corpuscle • Glomerulus (capillaries) • Glomerular capsule ( collecting cup) • Enters at afferent, exits at efferent (arterioles) • Like a cul-de-sac • renal tubule • processing

  7. The Glomerulus • glomerular capsule • outer surface • Podocytesinterlock • filtration slits • wastes sifted out of blood

  8. Renal Tubule • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) • At glomerulus • nephron loop (loop of Henle) • Descending (thin walls) and ascending • distal convoluted tubule (DCT) • collecting duct • Receives from several nephrons • Drains to renal pelvis

  9. Blood Flow through the Kidneys • renal artery • afferent arteriole • Glomerulus • Plasma and wastes removed • efferent arteriole • peritubular capillaries or vasa recta • Secondary capillaries • Fluid reabsorption • Venules • renal vein

  10. Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.2 Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion

  11. Urine Formation • filtration • water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular space • reabsorption • water and solutes move from tubule to capillary • secretion • wastes in capillary pushed into tubule

  12. Urine Formation

  13. Filtration • molecules smaller than 3 nanometers pushed out of blood • hydrostatic pressure • caused by potential energy (high to low) • osmotic pressure • from dissolved substances in water (salt sucks) • pressure controls • constriction of arteries

  14. Reabsorption • sodium • actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump proteins • secondary active transport • glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins • osmotic pressure • aquaporin channels • Ion movement

  15. Reabsorption

  16. Secretion • maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4 (active) • hydrogen ions • bicarbonate ions • some drugs secreted • penicillin • aspirin

  17. The Renal Medulla • nephron loop • descending loop • reabsorb water • ascending loop • reabsorb sodium (pump)

  18. The Countercurrent Mechanism • Blood flows “down and back”, so does filtrate • vasa recta • movement of blood • nephron loop • movement of filtrate

  19. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume and Composition • aldosterone • Response to drop in Na or rise in K= more aldosterone • Drop in BP= Renin (hormone) reacts to produce angiotensin to increase pressure • Acts on distal tubule to inc sodium in waste= increased osmosis • atrial natriuretic peptide • Response to increased BP ( atrial stretch) • Blocks sodium reabsorption in collecting ducts • causes urine volume to increase (drop pressure, release water) • antidiuretic hormone • causes urine volume to decrease ( hold water, increase pressure) • Dehydration=high ADH=less urine, Hydration= Low ADH=more urine

  20. Urine Storage • ureter • kidney to bladder • Smooth muscle • bladder • stores urine • Transitional cells • Trigone- ureters and urethra • Prostate- men • 500-1000 ml • urethra • bladder to outside body • Smooth muscle/ sphincters • Male 20 cm, Female 3-4 cm

  21. Urine Storage

  22. Urine Excretion • micturition • Urination • Stretch • Internal • Realize • Voluntary • External • Release

  23. Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.3 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

  24. Assessing Renal Function • physical characteristics of urine • pH range 4.5–8.0 • spG 1.003 to 1.035 • 0.5-2 L/day • chemical composition of urine • 95% water, 5% waste • Urea, Nitrogen, ions • glomerular filtration rate • estimate with creatinine concentration in blood • Muscle metabolism byproduct, quickly filtered

  25. Diabetes • diabetes mellitus • glucose in urine- osmosis is the reason! • type I, type II • Proteinuria, ketoacidosis and renal failure. • diabetes insipidus • large amount of dilute urine (>12L spG <1.002) • ADH not made or not used • Common in low Hcg (dwarfism)… Remember?

  26. Normal Blood Glucose and Blood Insulin Levels • carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in blood glucose level • increase in blood glucose level causes the pancreas to secrete insulin • increase in blood insulin level causes • liver glucose uptake • liver conversion of glucose to glycogen • skeletal muscle glucose uptake • skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen

  27. Chronic Kidney Disease • kidney damage • glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months • develops slowly • Usually diabetes related • When GFR drops to <15ml/min= renal failure • Waste product accumulation, pH uncontrolled, only dialysis or transplant will keep alive • Dialysis becomes more frequent, more health effects. Why?

  28. Renal Dialysis- remove H20, urea and Na • hemodialysis • Dialyzer- artificial kidney (external) • peritoneal dialysis • dialysis solution introduced via port to AP cavity • peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane

  29. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System • kidney stones (pelvis) • calcium, magnesium, or uric acid • <5mm can pass • Lithotripsy- US waves to break stones apart • Fluids good….. • urinary tract infection • Bacteria up urethra to bladder • cystitis • more common in women than men • Can go to kidneys if untreated= pyelonephritis+ back pain

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