Revision sheets C1

1. Revision sheets C1

2. element compound Mixture= 2 or more different atoms not bonded Periodic table Period 1 Period 2 3 4 5 6 Limestone found At quarries-explosives used Causes-noise/air pollution Scars landscape 3. Test for CO2 Calcium hydroxide reacts with CO2 To make calcium carbonate which Makes limewater go cloudy 1 Quarrying good for Local economy/jobs tourism 5.Cement= limestone + clay + heat 2.Quicklime + water slaked lime Calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 6. concrete= cement+ gravel+sand+water 7. glass= limestone+sand+ sodium carbonate+heat

3. Extraction methods Iron ore= haematite An alloy is a mixture of metal and other elements • Properties.. • Good conductors of heat/electricity • Strong/hard • Dense/heavy • Malleable(bent into shape) • High melting points Properties that can change- Strength, appearance, hardness, Resistance to corrosion Blast furnace Extraction of iron Copper Used in water pipes As doesn’t corrode Used as electrical wires As good conductor When heated Titanium/aluminium Very useful because Strong but lightweight Resist corrosion Carbon reduces iron Oxide to iron Usually recycle aluminium to save money

4. This works because, each fraction has a different Boiling point Some fractions take a long time to cool, so rise to top Crude oil Ease at which It turns into gas Formula= CnH2n +2 Clear colour High volatility 1 = complete combustion 2 = incomplete combustion Low volatility Dark colour (Viscous – gooey, sticky (syrup is viscous)) Alkane names=methane, ethane, propane, butane Pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane New fuels- ethanol-Made from plants-renewable-Carbon neutral-as takes-in as much CO2 in-photosynthesis As it gives-out-when burnt

5. cracking C10H22 C2H4 + C3H8 + C5H10 e.g of cracking reaction Large alkanes are not very useful to use, so they are broken down into smaller ones, like petrol, using a process called cracking. The products must either be alkanes (have a formula of CnH2n+2 or alkenes CnH2n) Cracking requires a catalyst so the process is called catalytic cracking. Test for unsaturated alkenes. Add bromine water. it will change From yellow/orange to colourless Alkanes are saturated they have no carbon to carbon double bonds. Alkenesareunsaturated. They have carbon to carbon double bonds. Thermosoftening plastics There are weak intermolecular forces between the chains. These plastics are soft and melt when heated. An example is low density polythene (LDPE). They are used to make plastic bags. plastics Disposal of polymers 1 landfill sites- fill up as plastics usually not biodegradable 2. burning- releases CO2- leads to global warming 3. recycling- best option as saves money, energy Thermosetting plastics polymerisation There are crosslinks between the chains. This means that the intermolecular forces are strong. Thermosetting plastics are hard and do not melt. An example of a thermosetting plastic is high density polythene (HDPE). Use= buckets When alkenes are turned into polymers, their carbon to carbon double bond breaks We can make polymers using alkenes. The alkene molecule (for example ethane) is called a monomer (mono means 1, mer means part). It makes up 1 part of the plastic When these monomers are bonded together in a huge chain, they are called polymers (poly means many, mer means part.)

6. Biofuels Renewable- can be replaced /regrown Do not add any more CO2 to atmosphere Carbon neutral No sulphur dioxide produced More biodegradable than diesel Vegetable oils Full of energy Extracted by crushing, pressing Or distillation Plants produce glucose using photosynthesis…..some glucose changed to oils 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water)  C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) We can saturate vegetable oils using a process called hydrogenation. Unsaturated oils are passed over a nickel catalyst with hydrogen at 60oC. This process is used to make margarine. We can also said that the oils have been hardened. It is an addition reaction Chromatography( use to separate colours) Chromatography is used to separate substances. It works because different substances dissolve better in water than others. The more soluble they are in the solvent, the further they travel up the paper Oil and water don’t mix. They are immiscible. Substances that do mix are miscible. We have an emulsion when we have small droplets of oil mixed in with water. However, since oil and water don’t mix, eventually, this emulsion separates again. E.ginclude ice-cream, milk, mayo, sauces A and C contain the same 2 dyes B contains 3 dyes D contains at least 1 insoluble dye additives E100s range – colours E200s range – preservatives. Keeps food longer E300s range – Antioxidants. Stops food reacting with oxygen E400s range – Emulsifiers, stabiliers and thickeners E500s range – Acidity regulators E600s range - Flavourings We keep oil and water mixed by adding an emulsifier. Emulsifiers have a part that mixes with water and a part that mixes with oil. Egg yolk is an emulsifier Oil droplets remain separate

7. Pangea 1 massive continent Lithosphere Almost solid, but flows slowly liquid Dense Iron and nickel solid Used in light bulbs All noble gases: Are gases at room temperature Exist as single atoms (monatomic) Do not react with anything Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton Xenon, Radon Group 8/0 of periodic table atmosphere Fault lines Plate tectonics This is because the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are split into tectonic plates. These plates travel along convection currents caused by heating from radioactive materials. This caused continental drift. Neon – Used in lighting, glows with high voltage • Evidence of continental drift • Continents fit together • Same fossils found on each continent Initially thought They where formed By the shrinking of The earth’s crust Atmosphere before 78/80% 18/20% Earthquake ( occur randomly on fault lines) volcano If earthquakes form under the ocean, then it will form a tidal wave called a tsunami. Atmosphere now mountain