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Wind Turbines and Other Renewables for Industry

2004 IAC STUDENT MEETING Industrial Assessment Center University of Massachusetts Amherst Brendan O’Connor, Graduate Mechanical Engineer Dr. Lawrence Ambs, Director Dr. Dragoljub Kosanovic, Assistant Director. Wind Turbines and Other Renewables for Industry. Renewable Energy Benefits

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Wind Turbines and Other Renewables for Industry

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  1. 2004 IAC STUDENT MEETING Industrial Assessment Center University of Massachusetts Amherst Brendan O’Connor, Graduate Mechanical Engineer Dr. Lawrence Ambs, Director Dr. Dragoljub Kosanovic, Assistant Director Wind Turbines and Other Renewables for Industry

  2. Renewable Energy Benefits Renewable Technologies Wind, Solar, Hydro, Biomass Industrial Applications Examples Economics Overview

  3. A renewable energy source is one that is ultimately derived from the sun* and which is capable of being replenished on a reasonable time scale Renewable Energy *Or moon, in case of tides

  4. Resources Renewable resources are essentially infinite Why Renewable Energy is Important • Homeland Security • Pollution • Minimal SOx, NOx • Global Warming • No net CO2

  5. History Windmills have been around since 900 A.D. (Persians) Wind Turbine Sizes 1 kW to 3.6 MW Bigger Size = more power Over 6,374 MW of Capacity in the U.S.(Jan 2004) Wind Energy

  6. Wind Energy - Technology

  7. Wind Energy - Technology 10 kW 550 kW 2.3 MW

  8. Wind speed fluctuates over periods of seconds to years Three months of wind speeds Power in the wind varies with the cube of the wind speed Wind Energy - Resource D = Diameter U = Wind speed ρ = Air density

  9. Wind Energy - Resource Wind Map Info http://rredc.nrel.gov http://www.truewind.com

  10. Wind turbine behavior is characterized by a power curve Typical Power Curves Power Curve Resource: www.retscreen.net Wind Energy - Power Curves

  11. Plastics Company, Ontario NY 250 kW wind turbine (98 ft diameter, 130 ft height) 450,000 kWh energy produced annually Ave. wind speed: 6.2 m/s Capacity factor: 21% Installed cost: $200,000 Savings: $50,000 Simple payback: 4.0 years www.lorax-energy.com Wind Energy - Application

  12. Wind Energy - Application • Hull, MA • 660 kW wind turbine (154 ft diameter, 164 ft height) • 1,549,000 kWh energy produced annually • Ave. wind speed: 6.7 m/s • Capacity factor: 30% • Installed cost: $753,000 • Savings: $204,032 • Simple payback: 3.7 years • www.Hullwind.org

  13. Wind Energy Application - Economics • Installation Cost: $900-$1,400/kW • Economies of scale (1 turbine ~ $1,200/kW) • Grid Connection • Sell back options similar to CHP applications • Renting Land: $2,000-$5,000/turbine-yr • Wind Energy Incentives • Federal PTC = $0.019/kWh • There are also state incentives • More info: www.dsireusa.org

  14. Wind Energy - Summary • Wind Speeds • Compare with any local data available • Adjust for height • Power Generation • Wind turbine power curve • Want capacity factor of >18% (depends on machine) • Wind turbines typically >95% availability • More info on Generation, Wind Shear, Noise • www.windpower.org • www.retscreen.net (power curves)

  15. Types of Solar Energy Day Lighting Photovoltaic Solar Thermal Solar Energy

  16. PV – First discovered in 1839 Payback? Installation: $8,000 - $15,000/kW COE: $0.40 - $1.20/kWh Some special economic situations Remote power High transmission costs PV incentives Federal & State incentives www.dsireusa.org Photovoltaic Energy

  17. Photovoltaic - Technology • Cell • Module • Array • Semiconductor • - Typically silicon technology • Inverter • Grid

  18. kWh/m2 FRESA V2.5 (Solar intensity, Wind class) www.eere.energy.gov/femp/techassist/softwaretools/softwaretools.html#fresa Solar Energy PV - Resource

  19. Types of Solar Thermal Energy Solar Hot water Transpired Collector Solar Concentrators Solar Thermal Energy

  20. Active, passive, direct, indirect, water, antifreeze Low (90°F), Med (160°F), High temperature (350°F) and Parabolic Trough (570°F) Solar Hot Water - Technology Flat Plate Collector Evacuated Tube

  21. Solar Hot Water - Resource

  22. Solar Hot Water - Economics • 1,000 gal/day or conventional resource $15/MMBtu • Consider large solar hot water system • Capitol Costs • Flat plate collector: $30-$50/ft2 • Evacuated tube: $75-$150/ft2 • There are some state incentives • www.dsireusa.net • More information on Solar Hot Water • www.restscreen.net • www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar.html

  23. Simple system, proven technology Note: Need make-up air for building / South facing wall Transpired Collector

  24. Transpired Collector – Resource

  25. Transpired Collector - Application • 300 ft2 • 3,000 cfm • Saves 14,300 kWh/yr • Saves $360/yr • Payback = 4.7 years NREL - Golden, Colorado

  26. Transpired Collector - Application • 20,000 ft2 • Saves 5,811 MMBtu/yr • Saves $30,000/yr • Payback = 5.0 years Ford – Oakville, Canada

  27. Transpired Collector – Economics • Installation costs, retrofit • Absorber = $3.50/ft2 • Supports, flashing, etc. = $2.50/ft2 • Installation = $4.00/ft2 • Other Costs = $1.00/ft2 • Total = $11.00/ft2 • No state/federal renewable energy incentives • More information on Transpired Collectors • www.eere.energy.gov/femp

  28. History The first Hydro-electric plant was built around 1880 Classified: Large, Small, Micro Small 0.1 MW to 30 MW Micro is under 100 kW Low head / Low power 19,000 MW potential in U.S. Water Rights? Hydropower

  29. Types of Hydro Power Impoundment Diversion Types of turbines Impulse (high head) Reaction (low-med head) Picture “small” hydropower system “run of river” application Hydropower - Technology

  30. Hydropower - Application • Boulder, Colorado • Turbines replaced pressure release valves • Reaction, Impulse turbines • Determined by discharge pressure • Availability = 96%

  31. Hydropower - Application • Fabric Manufacturer • Existing 180 KW generator • System offline for 14 years • Use river water for process • Water channel upgrade planned • Economics • Energy savings: 774,300 kWh • Annual cost savings: $50,195 • Implementation cost: $210,000 • Simple payback: 4.2 years

  32. Hydropower - Economics • Installation Cost: $850-$4,500/kW • 75% of installed cost is sight specific! • Hydro civil works can last 50+ years • Low operating and maintenance costs • typically one man needed part time • More information on Hydropower • www.hydropower.inel.gov • www.retscreen.net

  33. Biomass Energy

  34. IAC Applications Wood chip Black liquor / Saw dust Wood gasification Methane gas Biomass Energy • Incentives • Federal & State incentives • www.dsireusa.org • More information • http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels • http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html

  35. Keep in mind Resource Operation & Maintenance Efficiency Biomass - Economics

  36. Conclusions • Connection to the grid • Resource site specific • Factor in government incentives • Good public relations • Environmental, Economic benefits US consumption by fuel type

  37. Conclusions • Resources • General • www.retscreen.net • www.eere.energy.gov (FRESA - software) • www.eia.energy.gov • Wind energy resource • www.windpower.org • http://rredc.nrel.gov • Solar • www.eere.energy.gov/femp • Incentives • www.dsireusa.org Thank You

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