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Chapter 17, Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

Chapter 17, Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal. Objectives: To trace the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency To show how Roosevelt used the power of his office to regulate business To identify laws passed to protect citizens’ health and preserve the environment

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Chapter 17, Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

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  1. Chapter 17, Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal Objectives: • To trace the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency • To show how Roosevelt used the power of his office to regulate business • To identify laws passed to protect citizens’ health and preserve the environment • To summarize Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights

  2. Roosevelt’s Childhood • Born into a very wealthy New York family • Had asthma & was a frail child, often sick • Drove himself to accomplish physical feats • Mastered marksmanship & horseback riding • Went to Harvard University where he boxed & wrestled • Very ambitious & entered the life of politics

  3. Theodore Roosevelt • Was the Mayor of New York • Was Police Commissioner of New York • Was Assistant Secretary of U.S. Navy • Was Governor of New York • Became McKinley’s VP running mate • Eventually became President after McKinley was assassinated

  4. Theodore Roosevelt • Did things his way & the political bosses could not control him • They thought it would better to get him out of the governor’s position so they would be able to run their political machines • Hatched a plot to “kick Roosevelt upstairs where he could do no harm”, and nominated Roosevelt as McKinley’s Vice President in 1900 • Republican’s realized Roosevelt was one breath away from becoming the most powerful person in the government

  5. Theodore Roosevelt as President • Became president in 1901 • While president he boxed with professional, one of whom blinded him in his left eye • Rode 100 miles on horseback just because he could • Went on bear hunts & was said to have sparred with a bear cub: a toymaker marketed a new product called the Teddy Bear • Was bold, had a dynamic personality & was hugely popular which helped him advance his programs

  6. Roosevelt’s Thinking • He thought it was the responsibility of the federal government for our nation’s welfare • Thought government should assume control whenever states proved incapable of dealing with problems • “The President is the steward of the people and can assume he has legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand.”

  7. Theodore’s Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Roosevelt would see to it that the common people received what he called a Square Deal • This term was used to describe the various progressive reforms in the Roosevelt administration • Roosevelt believed that modern America required a powerful federal government • If big business victimized workers it was the Federal government’s job to intervene

  8. Roosevelt & the 1902 Coal Strike • 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike • Wanted a 20% pay raise, 9 hour work day, & right to organize a union • Mine operators refused to bargain or even meet with them • George Baer brought religion into it and said he felt a religious duty to defeat the strikers – Pres. Roosevelt thought he was an idiot • Roosevelt gets them to use a federal arbitration committee to help settle the disagreement • Workers received a 10% pay raise, 9 hour work day, but forfeited all of the workers belonging to the union, & could not strike for 3 yrs

  9. Federal Arbitration: A New Principle • From then on when a strike threatened the public welfare, the federal government could intervene

  10. Trust Busting • Good trusts = had a conscience • Bad trusts = greedily abused the public • Did not want to destroy the trust because that would destroy the national economy • Pres. T. Roosevelt filed 44 anti-trust suits against companies who established monopolies • His goal was to gain federal regulation over companies

  11. Railroad Regulation • Interstate Commerce Act – prohibited the setting up of “pools” in which wealthy rail owners divided up the business in a given area & shared the profits • ICC – set up to enforce the above law, but had little power of railroad owners • Elkins Act of 1903 – made it illegal for rail official & shippers to give or receive rebates And once a railroad had set it’s rate, it could not change it. • Hepburn Act: limited distribution of free railroad passes • All helped the government gain power in regulating the railroads

  12. Protecting Citizens & the Environment • Promoted laws to protect citizens from unsafe food & drugs, and the environment from pollution • Thought compromise was the key to benefit public heath & the environment

  13. Protecting Health • Roosevelt read The Jungle by Upton Sinclair & knew he needed to make a change • Appointed a commission of experts to report on the accuracy of Sinclair’s description • The commission backed Sinclair’s reports • Roosevelt passed The Meat Inspection Act in 1906 – it dictated strict cleanliness requirements • This act supported the progressive principle of government regulation • Negative side of this act: government paid for the inspections & companies did not have to label their canned goods with date of processing info

  14. Pure Food & Drug Act • Pure Food & Drug Act was passed in 1906 – it halted the sale of contaminated foods or medicines and called for truth in labeling • Before passage of this law, manufacturers advertised that their products accomplished everything form curing cancer to growing hair, children’s medicine sometimes contained opium, cocaine & alcohol

  15. Conservation & Natural Resources • Americans had shortsightedly exploited their natural environment: leveled forests, plowed up prairies, cattle overgrazed, coal companies cluttered the land with coal dumps, untreated sewage & industrial waste was being dumped into rivers • Roosevelt said, “Our resources are not endless!” • He banned Christmas trees in the White House • Set aside 1.5 million acres of water-powered sites & another 80 million acres for U.S. Geological experts to explore for minerals & water resources • He established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries & several national parks

  16. Conservation & Natural Resources cont… • Roosevelt hired Gifford Pinchot as head of the U.S. Forest Service • Together they established The Newlands Act; money from the sale of public lands in the West funded large-scale irrigation projects • This act established that the federal government would manage the precious water sources in the West

  17. Roosevelt & Civil Rights • Father was a northerner, mother was a southerner • Was not a supporter of civil rights for African Americans • However did support a few individual African Americans • Appointed an African American as head of the Charleston, SC courthouse • Met with Booker T. Washington • Roosevelt did little to advance the goal of racial equality for blacks

  18. Homework • Complete questions 3 & 4 on page 511 • Complete the geography skills builder question using the map on page 509 • Due Tomorrow!!!

  19. President William Howard Taft Objectives • To summarize the Taft presidency • To trace the division in the Republican party • To describe the election of 1912

  20. William Howard Taft • President from 1909-1913, Republican Party • Only President to be a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court • Largest President at 6’4” and 325lbs • First President to own a car, throw the 1st pitch on opening day of the baseball season, play golf • First President whose funeral was broadcast on radio • A good friend of Teddy Roosevelt – hand picked by Roosevelt to be his successor

  21. William Taft cont… • Was a judge in Ohio, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, a lawyer, & a law professor at Cincinnati Law School • Married to Helen “Nellie” Herron who was very ambitious and wanted to be First Lady • Hated campaigning • He was a cautious president

  22. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Taft campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs – a staple of the Progressive agenda • Introduced the Payne-Aldrich bill which would lower rates on many manufactured goods • The Senate changed the bill to only lowering rates on hides, birdseed & sea moss • Instead of vetoing the bill, Taft passes it • Many of his progressive supporters are outraged • Addressed the people in a speech & made it worse

  23. Disputing Public Lands • Appointed Richard Ballinger (a wealthy Seattle lawyer) as Secretary of the Interior • Richard Ballinger disapproved of conservationist controls on western lands • He removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands from the reserved list • Approved the sale of millions of acres of coal rich land in Alaska to Seattle businesses- they then sold it to New York businesses including J.P. Morgan • Again, Taft’s supporters were outraged

  24. Disputing Public Lands cont… • There was a congressional hearing regarding Ballinger’s actions and Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. Forest Service) testified against him • Trying to protect his administration (Ballinger) Taft fires Gifford Pinchot • Again, his supporters are outraged • The Republican Party starts to split

  25. The Republican Party Splits • Taft’s cautious nature makes it impossible for him to hold together the two wings of the republican Party • Progressives: sought change • Conservatives: did not want change – keep the status quo • Split over Taft’s support of political boss Joseph Cannon who was also Speaker of the House of Representatives

  26. Republican Party Splits over Joe Cannon • Joe “Uncle Joe” Cannon was a poker playing, rough talking, tobacco chewing politician. • Disregarded seniority when filling committee positions • Anointed himself head of the Committee of Rules which decided the bills Congress would consider • Basically had a dictatorship & often ignored Progressive bills • Reform minded Republicans with the help of Democrats strip Cannon of his power

  27. Republican Party Splits • They have a midterm election where everyone gets to vote for a new house leader & Committee on Rules • Republican is divided between the Progressives and Conservatives: they’re upset over cost of living, high tariffs, and the conservatives think Taft is against conservation • The Republicans lose in the House elections and the Democrats take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 18 years

  28. Bull Moose Party • Roosevelt has been in Africa shooting big game • When he returns people are calling for him to return to office as President • He removes his support of Taft and their friendship ends as well • Roosevelt declares he is running for President for a third term • Roosevelt gives a rousing speech declaring the country needed a “New Nationalism” where the federal government would extend its power for the “welfare of the people”

  29. Bull Moose Party: Republican Convention • At the Republican Convention the Republicans refuse to seat Roosevelt delegates • Re-nominated Taft on the Republican ballot • Roosevelt holds his own convention in August & forms a third party: the Progressive Party • The Progressive Party nominates Roosevelt on for president on their ballot • The Progressive party becomes known as the Bull Moose Party due to Roosevelt declaring he was “strong as a bull moose”

  30. Bull Moose Party: Their Platform • Direct election of senators • Advocated women’s suffrage • Workmen’s compensation • An 8 hour workday • Minimum wage for women • Child labor laws • Federal regulation of business

  31. Woodrow Wilson • 28th President from 1913-1921 • President for 2 terms • 56 years old at time of Presidency • Professor & President of Princeton University • Governor of New Jersey from 1911-1913 • Only President to have a Ph.D. • No military experience • Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920 • Married twice: Ellen & Edith

  32. Woodrow Wilson: Major Events in Office • Seventeenth Amendment ratified calling for direct election of Senators (1913) • Federal Reserve Act (1913) • Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) • World War I (1914-1918) • Lusitania Sunk (1915) • United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany (1917) • Treaty of Versailles (1919) • Eighteenth Amendment ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages (1919) • Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the right to vote (1920)

  33. Wilson’s New Freedom • Had Progressive ideals • Thought that trusts should be broken up (Roosevelt thought that trusts should be regulated) • Thought businesses should be made smaller, not that government should get bigger • Wanted to give greater freedom to average citizens • He called his program the New Freedom & planned his attack on trusts, tariffs & high finance

  34. Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 • It declared certain business practices illegal: companies could no longer acquire stocks of another corporation if it led to a monopoly • The Clayton Act specified that labor unions & farm organizations would no longer be subject to antitrust laws-could strike, boycott & picket now

  35. Federal Trade Commission • Was a watchdog agency that had the power to investigate corporations • Put an end to unfair business competition & unfair business practices • Could force a company to “cease and desist” • FTC handed out over 400 cease and desist orders

  36. A New Tax System under Wilson Underwood Tariff of 1913 • Reduced tariff rates • Rates dropped from 40% to 30% • Had to find a way to replace the revenue from the decrease in tariffs Federal Income Tax – 16th Amendment • Taxed profits and earnings • Taxed larger incomes at a higher rate than smaller incomes • By 1917 the government received more money than any tariff • Today income tax is the federal government’s main source of revenue

  37. Federal Reserve System • Wilson thought the nation needed a way to make credit more easily available • Wanted a way to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation • Both money supply & credit availability had to keep pace with the economy • Wilson established a centralized private banking system under federal control • Federal reserve banks had the power to issue new paper currency in emergency situations • Is the basis of the nation’s banking system

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