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Splash Screen. Chapter Introduction Section 1 Washington and Congress Section 2 Partisan Politics Section 3 Jefferson in Office Section 4 The War of 1812 Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Contents.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Introduction Section 1Washington and Congress Section 2Partisan Politics Section 3Jefferson in Office Section 4The War of 1812 Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Contents

  3. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Intro 1

  4. Chapter Objectives Section 1: Washington and Congress • Explain Alexander Hamilton’s economic initiatives.  • Discuss the growing tensions between the nations’ political parties. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

  5. Chapter Objectives Section 2: Partisan Politics • Discuss the rising tensions between Western settlers and Native Americans.  • Explain the importance of Washington’s Farewell Address. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 3

  6. Chapter Objectives Section 3: Jefferson in Office • Evaluate the changing role of the Supreme Court.  • Discuss the events leading to the Louisiana Purchase. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 4

  7. Chapter Objectives Section 4: The War of 1812 • Describe why the United States declared war on Britain, and discuss the major campaigns of the war. • List the results of the Treaty of Ghent. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 5

  8. Why It Matters In the first government under the Constitution, important new institutions included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and a national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different views of citizens in the Northeast, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs, including the War of 1812 with Great Britain. Intro 7

  9. The Impact Today During this period, fundamental policies of American government came into being.  • Politicians set important precedents for the national government and for relations between the federal and state governments. For example, the idea of a presidential cabinet originated with George Washington and has been followed by every president since that time.  • President Washington’s caution against foreign involvement powerfully influenced American foreign policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 8

  10. continued on next slide Intro 9

  11. Intro 10

  12. End of Intro

  13. Guide to Reading Main Idea With the adoption of the new Constitution, Americans and their leaders had to establish a central government to deal effectively with the challenges facing the new nation.  Key Terms and Names • cabinet  • implied powers  • Bank of the United States  • Whiskey Rebellion  • agrarianism • Tariff of 1789  • bond  • speculator  • enumerated powers Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-1

  14. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about how the leaders of the United States established a central government, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 210 of your textbook by indicating the tasks completed by Congress. Reading Objectives • Explain Alexander Hamilton’s economic initiatives. • Discuss the growing tensions between the nation’s political parties. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-2

  15. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Cultureand Traditions George Washington helped define the office of the American presidency. Section 1-3

  16. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-4

  17. Creating a New Government • In 1789 Congress created the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of War, and the Office of the Attorney General.  • President George Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state.** • Alexander Hamilton became head of the Treasury Department.** (pages 210–211) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-5

  18. Creating a New Government(cont.) • General Henry Knox served as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph became the first attorney general.** • This group of department heads who advised the president became known as the cabinet.** • The judicial branch as well as the first federal judges were established.  • John Jay became the first chief justice of the United States.** (pages 210–211) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

  19. Financingthe Government (cont.) • The Tariff of 1789 made all importers pay five percent of the value of their cargo when they landed in the United States.** • Shippers were also required to pay a tax depending on how much their ships carried.  • This angered many Southern planters.  • They began feeling the government did not have their best interests in mind. (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

  20. Financingthe Government (cont.) • Alexander Hamilton supported the tariff, but he felt the government also needed the ability to borrow money.  • To finance the Revolutionary War, the Confederation Congress had issued bonds, or paper notes promising to repay money within a certain amount of time with interest.** (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

  21. Financingthe Government (cont.) • Southerners were upset because Northerners owned the bonds while most of the tax money used to pay off the debt would come from the South.  • In 1790 Southerners were convinced to vote for Hamilton’s plan in return for the relocation of the United States capital to a southern location called the District of Columbia.** (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

  22. Financingthe Government (cont.) • Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank so that the government could manage its debts and interest payments.** • The bank would also give loans to the government and individuals and issue paper money. • The paper money would in turn encourage trade and investments and stimulate economic growth.** (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

  23. Financingthe Government(cont.) • In 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress.** • Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion began.** • Washington sent in 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion. (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

  24. Financingthe Government(cont.) Why was it important to Southerners that the capital be moved to a southern location? Southerners felt that if the capital was in the South, the strength of the Northern states would not be as great. (pages 211–213) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-19

  25. The Rise of Political Parties • The split in Congress over Hamilton’s financial plan resulted in the formation of two political parties.  • The Federalists, led by Hamilton, wanted a strong national government in the hands of the wealthy.** • They believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power.** • Artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and bankers supported the Federalist Party.** (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-20

  26. The Rise of Political Parties(cont.) • Supporters included urban workers and Eastern farmers.** • Madison and Jefferson led the Democratic-Republicans. Their party was referred to as the Republicans and later became the Democrats.** • Jefferson and the Republicans believed the strength of the United States came from its independent farmers. ** (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

  27. The Rise of Political Parties(cont.) • The group supported agriculture over trade and commerce because owning land allowed them to become independent.** • They favored the rights of states against the power of the federal government.** • The rural South and West tended to support Republicans. (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-22

  28. Classwork • Create a Resume on George Washington or Alexander Hamilton • Research what qualifications they have in order to be hired as either the President or Treasury Department Head

  29. The Rise of Political Parties(cont.) What caused the split in Congress that led to the formation of political parties? The debate over Hamilton’s financial program led to the split. There were many differences in their views. The Federalists wanted a strong national government in the hands of the wealthy. They believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power. The Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans, believed in agrarianism, or the belief that owning land enabled people to become independent. The party supported agriculture over trade and commerce. Republicans favored the rights of states against the power of the federal government. (pages 213–214) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-23

  30. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. B __ 1. person who risks money in hopes of a financial profit __ 2. a note issued by the government which promises to pay off a loan with interest __ 3. powers listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government __ 4. philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy __ 5. powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but claimed by the federal government A. bond B. speculator C. enumerated powers D. implied powers E. agrarianism A C E D Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 1-25

  31. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Describe the intended purpose of the national bank. It managed the government’s debts and interest payments, made loans to the government and private individuals, and issued currency. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-26

  32. Reviewing Themes Culture and Traditions What precedent did George Washington set as president of the United States? Washington met regularly with his cabinet. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-27

  33. Critical Thinking Synthesizing Why did Hamilton think it was important to pay the national debt, the domestic debt, and the state debts? Doing so would give creditors who owned bonds a stake in the federal government’s success. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-28

  34. Analyzing Visuals StudyingArt Examine the painting on page 211 of your textbook of President Washington’s first cabinet. What was the function of this group, and who served as its first members? The cabinet members advised the president and headed their departments. Thomas Jefferson handled foreign diplomacy. Alexander Hamilton organized national finances. Henry Knox led the nation’s military, and Edmund Randolph was the attorney general. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-29

  35. Close Explain George Washington’s role in each of the events mentioned in this section. Section 1-30

  36. End of Section 1

  37. Guide to Reading Main Idea The United States faced difficult foreign policy challenges during the presidencies of Washington and Adams.  Key Terms and Names • Jay’s Treaty  • Alien and Sedition Acts  • alien  • sedition  • interposition  • nullification • most-favored nation • Pinckney’s Treaty  • Washington’s Farewell Address  • Quasi-War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-1

  38. Washington’s Foreign Policy • The civil war in France, known as the French Revolution, began shortly after George Washington was inaugurated in 1789. • Americans were divided over the French Revolution.** • Federalists opposed it because of the violence.** • Republicans supported it because of the fight for liberty.** • In 1793 France declared war on Britain. (pages 215–217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-5

  39. Washington’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • The war between Britain and France forced Washington to issue a proclamation stating that the United States would remain friendly and impartial between the two countries. • Washington wanted to remain neutral.** • The British navy intercepted neutral ships, including American ships, carrying goods to French ports.  • Wanting to avoid war, Washington sent John Jay to Britain to find a solution. (pages 215–217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

  40. Washington’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • Jay’s Treaty gave Britain the right to seize American cargo headed for French ports.** • In exchange, Britain agreed to give the United States most-favored nation status. • This meant that American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain. (pages 215–217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

  41. Washington’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • The Jay’s Treaty prevented war with Great Britain and protected the American economy.** • Jay’s Treaty raised concerns in Spain that the British and Americans might join forces to take over Spain’s North American holdings.  • Thomas Pinckney negotiated with Spain, resulting in Pinckney’s Treaty, signed by the Spanish in 1795. (pages 215–217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

  42. Washington’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • The Pinckney Treaty gave the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans.** • Western farmers supported the treaty. (pages 215–217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

  43. Westward Expansion • Americans moved in large numbers to the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River because of abundant land, fertile soil, wide rivers, and a variety of fish and game.  • The increase of white settlers led to tension with Native Americans.  • Little Turtle, a chief of the Miami people of the Northwest Territory, formed a confederacy of several Native American groups against the white settlers.** (page 217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  44. Westward Expansion(cont.) • After two battles in which American troops were defeated, Native American resistance was put down by American troops under General Anthony Wayne.  • In 1795, 12 Native American nations signed the Treaty of Greenville.  • The Native Americans gave up parts of what later became Ohio and Indiana in exchange for a yearly payment of $10,000 from the federal government. (Treaty of Greenville) ** (page 217) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

  45. Washington Leaves Office • George Washington retired from office after being irritated by party politics and attacks on his character.**  • Washington’s Farewell Address included advice to the American people to avoid sectionalism, or the dividing of the country into North against South or East against West.  • He also warned against political parties and becoming too attached to any foreign nation. (pages 217–218) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

  46. Washington Leaves Office(cont.) • In 1796 the country’s first openly contested election was held.**  • The Federalists promoted John Adams, while the Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.**  • John Adams won the election* • 71-88 (pages 217–218) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

  47. The Quasi-War With France • The French, angry over Jay’s Treaty, stopped American ships and seized goods while en route to Britain. • Federalists called for war against France.  • Instead Adams sent negotiators to France.  • Tension increased as France demanded bribes from the Americans before they would negotiate, causing the XYZ Affair, an undeclared war .** (page 218) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

  48. The War Between the Parties • The Federalists pushed four laws through Congress known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.** • The first three laws were aimed at aliens–people living in the country who are not citizens.** • The laws stated that immigrants could not become citizens for 14 years.  • This weakened Republican support since most immigrants from France and Ireland tended to vote Republican. (pages 219–220) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-20

  49. The War Between the Parties (cont.) • The laws also gave the president the power to deport without trial any alien that seemed dangerous to the United States.  • The fourth law prevented sedition, or incitement to rebellion.** • Sedition made it unlawful to say or print anything false or scandalous against the government or its officers.** • In 1798 and 1799, the Republican legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts. (pages 219–220) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-21

  50. The War Between the Parties (cont.) • The Kentucky Resolutions advanced the theory of nullification.  • The Kentucky Resolution states that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to nullify the law or declare it invalid.** (nullification) • The election of 1800 was closely contested and revealed a flaw in the system for selecting a president.  • Each state chooses electors who cast two votes, one for president and one for vice president. (pages 219–220) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-23

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