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The Spread of Protestantism & the Catholic Response

The Spread of Protestantism & the Catholic Response. Chapter 12 -Section 4. Causes of the Reformation. Popes concerned more with politics than religion. Many used church offices to advance careers and wealth. Veneration or worship of relics to gain salvation.

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The Spread of Protestantism & the Catholic Response

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  1. The Spread of Protestantism & the Catholic Response Chapter 12 -Section 4

  2. Causes of the Reformation • Popes concerned more with politics than religion. • Many used church offices to advance careers and wealth. • Veneration or worship of relics to gain salvation. • Parish priests ignorant of spiritual duties. • Selling of indulgences or payments made to the Church for salvation

  3. Martin Luther • Was a monk & a professor • Disagreed with Catholic teachings that both faith and good deeds were needed for salvation. • Believed in justification-that faith alone was worthy of salvation. • The Bible is the only source of religious truth.

  4. Martin Luther

  5. The Ninety-five Theses • Angered by the selling of indulgences Luther sent a list of his complaints to his Church superiors. • These Ninety-five Theses were printed and spread to all parts of Germany.

  6. A Break with the Church • Called for German princes to break with the Church. • Kept only 2 sacraments (baptism & Eucharist or Communion). • Excommunicated by the Edict of Worms. • Luther forced into hiding in 1522.

  7. The Rise of Lutheranism • Luther eventually gains support from some German rulers. • New religious services set up to replace mass. • Bible readings • Preaching the word of God • Song • Peace of Ausburg 1555-formally accepts the division of Christianity

  8. Chapter 12, Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

  9. The Zwinglian Reformation • Division within Protestantism • Ulrich Zwingli—priest from Switzerland • removed relics & images from the churches • attempted to unite with Luther—but could not agree on the meaning of the sacrament of Communion. • eventually killed in battle by the defenders of Catholicism

  10. Ulrich Zwingli

  11. Calvin & Calvinism • Fled Catholic France to Switzerland • Followed Luther’s ideas • justification by faith alone • emphasis on the all powerful nature of God • Differed with Luther on one major point—predestination (God had determined in advance who would be damned & who would be saved). • Their conviction made them determined to spread their faith.

  12. John Calvin

  13. Calvin continued • Created a church gov’t in Geneva, Switzerland • Consistory was set up as a court to enforce moral discipline. • They had the authority to punish people who deviated from the moral principles of Calvinism. • By the mid 16th century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. • Spread through Europe.

  14. The Reformation in England • Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon (no male heir). • Sought annulment from the Pope—he refused. • Looked to English church courts for annulment—they granted it. • New wife (Anne Bolelyn) unable to produce male heir. • 1534 Parliament & Henry finalized break with the Church.

  15. Henry VIII

  16. Divorced Died after childbirth Beheaded Beheaded Survived Divorced

  17. The Reformation in England • Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king the supreme ruler of the Church of England. • Opposition dealt with harshly. • Used new powers to seize Church lands and sell—boost to treasury. • Upon Henry’s death-son Edward VI moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction. • marriage of clergy • new church service • opposition apparent—especially under Mary (vast Protestant persecutions)

  18. The Anabaptists • known as radicals to both Protestants & Catholics • belief in adult baptism • all believers considered equal—each church chose its own minister • belief in complete separation of church & state • refused to hold political office or bear arms

  19. The Catholic Reformation • Catholic Church lost many members in the Protestant Reformation. • Catholic Reformation • Jesuit missionaries key in spreading Catholic message. • Reform of the papacy—Reform Commission in 1537 to seek out corruptions within the Church • Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional teachings. • Both faith & good works needed for salvation • Seven sacraments upheld • clerical celibacy upheld • purgatory & use of indulgences upheld

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