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The Great War ( World War I) “ Descent into the Abyss: WWI and the Crisis of the European global order ”

The Great War ( World War I) “ Descent into the Abyss: WWI and the Crisis of the European global order ”. Chapter 28. Big Picture - 1914-Present. The great Western empires declined and were replaced by regional groups and multinational corporations

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The Great War ( World War I) “ Descent into the Abyss: WWI and the Crisis of the European global order ”

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  1. The Great War(World War I)“Descent into the Abyss: WWI and the Crisis of the European global order” Chapter 28

  2. Big Picture - 1914-Present • The great Western empires declined and were replaced by regional groups and multinational corporations • There are several triggers for this dramatic shift. • Collapse of European imperial dominance and subsequent decolonization. • Massive technological innovation in military capacity and communications. • Explosion in population growth. • These triggers created political innovation and a renewed globalization. • Many societies resisted changes to traditional worldviews. • These developments effected people’s emotions and behaviors by decreasing birth rates and increasing consumerism.

  3. World War I Timeline

  4. The Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

  5. Militarism • Germany was competing with Britain to build Dreadnought battleships. • The British feared an attack on their Empire

  6. Militarism • Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies 1880 1914 • Germany 1.3mil. 5.0 mil. • France 0.73mil. 4.0 mil. • Russia 0.40mil. 1.2 mil. • Compare total U.S. forces today 1.082 million

  7. Militarism Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and navy • Aggressive foreign policy after 1910 • Wanted to equal British navy -- arms race • Determined to make Germany a top nation. • Distrusted by other powers

  8. Alliances • By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances. • Triple Alliance • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Italy (but…1915) • Central Powers (add...) • Ottomans Oct. 1914 • Bulgaria Oct. 1915 • Triple Entente • Great Britain • France • Russia • Allied Powers (add...) • Italy (May 1915, defence only) • Japan • USA (1917) The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

  9. First World WarComparing and Contrasting Sides Central Powers: (rapid communications and movement, better Army) Allies: (more soldiers, better industry, and navy) Great Britain (#1 Navy) Russia France Italy Japan United States (1917) +26 other countries Germany (#1 Army) Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

  10. Imperialism • All the great powers were competing for colonies & territory. • The British feared Germany in Africa & in their sea lanes. • The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the Balkans

  11. Nationalism • This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence. • In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule. (Pan-Slavism) • Austria Annexed Bosnia Herzegovina (1908) • “The Balkan Powder Keg” Balkans site of many conflicts Serbia’s national flag

  12. The Spark that ignited War • 28 June 1914 • Heir to Austrian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo. • Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria (1908) • Hotbed of Slavic nationalism Seal of the Black Hand group

  13. 13 Basic Steps to World War….. • 6/28/1914,GavrielPrincipassassinatesAustrianarchduke in Sarajevo. • 1st afraid of what Russia would do, they secured support from Germany • 7/5/1914,Germany gives “blank cheque”to Austria before the Kaiser went on a cruise on his yacht until 27 Aug! • 7/23-7/28/1914, “July Crisis” Austria-Hungary sends a very tough “July Ultimatum” for Serbia (Threatened harmful action if demands not met) • 7/24/1914, Serbia agrees to all but one(2) term of the ultimatum (Police in Serbia) • 7/28/1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (quick victory?) • 7/29/1914, Russia mobilizes troops to Austria-Hungary & German Borders • 7/30/1914, Germany demands that Russia stands its armies down • 7/31/1914, German ultimatum to Russia, stop its mobilization, or Germany would attack France. Germany begins mobilizing • 8/1/1914,Germany declares war on Russia • 8/3/1914,Germany declares war on France, Russia’s allies • 8/3-4/1914, Germany invades Belgium on their way to France (Schlieffen Plan) • 8/4/1914,Britain declares war because of its alliance with France & Russia, and Germany breaking Belgium's neutrality treaty (1839 “Scrap of Paper”) • 8/23/1914, Japan allies with Britain, declares war on Germany, interested in securing German territories in China & the Pacific.

  14. A World at War The War in Europe • Stalemate on Western Front • Trench warfare • Massive losses • War of attrition   The War in the East • Russians • Offensives against Germany • Huge losses, Battle of Tannenberg • 78,000 casualties, 90,000 captured The War and in Italy • Italians • 1915, switch sides, promised “Share of the Spoils” including territories of Dalmatia & Fiume (or Rijeka) • War with Austrians stalemated ---City of Rijeka

  15. World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East Page 648

  16. Battle of Jutland

  17. Battle of Jutland

  18. Innovations in Warfare Most devastating war in history up to that point; because of these new innovations & old tactics. • Chivalry was done… U-Boats • German Submarines • Torpedoes • Mines • 2 hulls

  19. Innovations in Warfare Machine Guns • Firepower of many rifles • Rapid fire • Very Heavy • Devastating to infantry attacks

  20. Innovations in Warfare Long-Range Artillery • Fires large projectile • Long range • Trenches built for protection • Psychological Effects “Paris Gun” 81 miles

  21. Innovations in Warfare Airplane • New invention • Turned into weapon • Dogfights • Drop bombs • Baron von Ricthofen “The Red Baron” • Shot down 80 aircraft

  22. Innovations in Warfare Tank • British Invention • Heavily armored • Various types of guns • Ran on Treads • Able to get through barbed wire and get into enemy defenses.

  23. Innovations in Warfare • Zeppelin • First flew 1900 • Poison gas • Disabling • Tear gas • Mustard gas • Deadly • Chlorine • Phosgene • (carbon monoxide and chlorine) • Flamethrower • Trench Warfare • Barbed Wire

  24. A World at War The Home Fronts in Europe • Each of the powers was able to mobilize large numbers of soldiers • Despite food shortages • Privations at home Little sympathy at home • Growth in governments increased in power • Many industrial sectors of these nations were co-opted by the state • Propaganda encouraged their citizens to keep the war effort going and drummed up support from neutral nations (Especially USA) • Suppression of criticism Labor groups dissatisfied • Weakens Germany • Russia falls • Both monarchs would fall to revolution

  25. A World at War The War Outside Europe • British block supplies to Central Powers • Uses imperial resources, manpower • Indians deployed in many areas • French • Use African troops  • Japan • Fights Germans in Shandong peninsula China, the Pacific  • Ottomans • Side with Germany • Armenian genocide  • United States • Begins neutral 1914-1915 (Wilson elected to 2nd term 1916 on isolation stance) • Material help 1915-1916, Sinking of Lusitania not main reason to enter war, however with the propaganda attached swayed people • 1917, Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine warfare- war zone around Britain • Zimmerman Telegram (Mexico) • Russians March Revolution (Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on 13 March) • April 6, 1917, enters war • Wilson, “The world must be safe for democracy.”

  26. Propaganda & WomenWorking • Used information both true and false to get people to back to was effort • Women were used in factories, the men were drafted to fight. Women in work force replaced men in the workplace, • calls for political and social equality increased. • As a result, in Britain, Germany, and the United States, women gained the vote after the war.

  27. Sinking of the Lusitania • Britain blockaded the North Sea • Germany had their blockade of U-Boats, sinking British shipping, Lusitania sank in 20 minutes – 1,198 deaths (128 Americans) • Most famous and deadliest torpedoed ship of war • Germany temporally backed off with warning from U.S.

  28. Gallipoli • Ottomans stop the British Navy & ANZ troops • Churchill’s Fiasco

  29. A World at War Total Killed: 7,940,000 soldiers (over 10 million including civilians)

  30. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • March 3, 1918

  31. Failed Peace Armistice day 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour – Fighting stopped The Treaty of Versaillesleft its signers dissatisfied. • The English & French pushed the Americans into an agreement • The punishment of the Germans • War guilt/Reparations • Japan and Italy’s hoped-for gains were largely ignored • Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as political entities • The new communist government in Russia was not allowed to participate in the peace conference • Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points • U.S. would not join League of Nations • League of Nations ended up weak and unable to stop WWII • Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland independent • Mandates – Carving up the Middle East • Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles failed to bring a lasting peace, for it angered the people of a defeated and humiliated • Germany felt & rallied, “Stabbed in the back!” • Treaty of Versailles (Peace of Paris) led to WWII

  32. The Middle East After World War I • Mandates • Impact future

  33. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Subjugated peoples of colonies question status • Europeans fighting each other • Industrialized to help out war effort – India becomes industrialized because of Britain’s need for war resources • First time Europeans ordered Africans/Asians to kill other Europeans • Colonial leaders went to battlefield – left void • Gave administrative responsibility to the indigenous peoples • Initially made promises from British/French – then reneged • Questioned racial superiority theory • Social/economic problems make it easier to motivate mass protests Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines were also looking for independence…..

  34. European Colonial Order India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj (rule) Nationalist movements • By the beginning of the 20th century, resistance to over a hundred years of British rule mounted in India. • Charges of British racism and detrimental economic policy grew steadily. Worldwide patterns Leadership of Western-educated elite Charismatic leaders Nonviolence  India National Congress Party, 1885 Initially loyal to British Spurred by racism Builds Indian identity

  35. European Colonial Order Social Foundations of a Mass Movement • Critique of British rule • Economic privilege for British • Indian army used for British interests High-paid British officials - Cash crops push out food production The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu/Muslim split & B.G. Tilak • Indian Independence Movement leader • demanded full and immediate independence and threatened violence. • His rhetoric appealed to many Hindus, • but frightened others, especially moderate Hindus and Muslims. • Nationalism above religious concerns • Boycotts of British goods, Bombay regions • Hindu communalists • Secret societies sprang up that • promoted and carried out violence, but British crackdowns limited their effectiveness i.e. Terrorism in Bengal  • Morley-Minto reforms, (Indian Councils Act of 1909) • More opportunity for Indians – vote serve on legislative councils

  36. European Colonial Order The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle • Loyal to British at start of war • But war casualties and costs mount • Inflation, famine • Promises broken  • Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 • Greater Indian participation in government • Rowlatt Act, 1919 • Civil rights restricted (freedom of press), revolutionist rounded up • Gandhi protests  Mohandas K. Ghandi • Nonviolence • Satyagraha, or truth force, Unlike Tilak, • appealed to both the masses and the Western-educated nationalist politicians. • emphasis on nonviolent but persistent protest weakened British control of India. • Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920s and 1930s.

  37. European Colonial Order Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East • Egyptian nationalism • mutiny of Ahmad Orabi • 1882 British occupation aimed at liberation Egyptian from Turks • Lord Cromer • Economic reforms, public works projects • Reforms benefited upper classes  • Journalists led the way 1890s • Political parties form • Harsh repression  • Focuses Egyptian nationalism • By the early 20th century, decades of ill will between the British and the population led to violence on both sides. Dinshawi Incident, 1906 • British officers shooting pigeons for sport shot and wounded the wife of the iman (religious leader) by accident British grant constitution, 1913 • The outbreak of World War I saw a temporary decrease of hostilities in Egypt, but then….

  38. European Colonial Order Revolt in Egypt, 1919 • Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 • Martial law to protect Suez Canal • War drains Egyptian resources  • Egyptians refused to present at Versailles • By the end of the World War I, Egypt was ripe for revolt. Students and, significantly, women, led large demonstrations against colonial rule. British withdrawal began in 1922. • To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936 

  39. European Colonial Order War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) • 1923 A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a Western model. • England and France divided the defeated Ottoman Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates • Promises to former Ottoman subjects Reneged • World Zionist Organization • Zionism • Theodore Herzl • Balfour Declaration of 1917 • “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” • Approved by the League of Nations on July 24, 1922. • These conflicting movements led to great tension in the Middle East • We still see today

  40. European Colonial Order The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa • WWI • supported their British and French occupiers in World War I, • promises of nationhood after the war. • those promises went unfulfilled, protests ensued • Drained resources • Western-educated Africans gain authority • alarmed the European powers and encouraged anti-colonial sentiments. • Pan-Africanmovement (Americans) • Marcus Garvey • W.E.B. Du Bois  • Paris • By the 1920s, pan-Africanism faded, replaced by the brand of nationalism seen in other colonies. • Négritude (literarymovement) • Sédar Senghor • Aimé Césaire • Léon Damas • The great age of African independence came after World War II

  41. World War I, Its Impact… Set many templates for the 20th century. • The decline of European hegemony, • The emergence of the United States and Japan on the global stage • Communist rule in Russia were results of the war • Nationalist surges in European colonies • Increased political power of labor organizations and women.

  42. Ch.28 in Review • What started World War I? • How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among European nations? • Why did European nations form alliances? • Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between European powers? • What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against Germany? • Why did Italy switch sides?

  43. Ch.28 in Review • What started World War I? • (M.A.I.N.) Militarism-Alliances-Imperialism-Nationalism • How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among European nations? • Thought that their goals could only be achieved by threat or use of force. • Why did European nations form alliances? • To maintain the balance of power. • Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between European powers? • An outlet to the sea, its own nationalism, & Pan-Slavism • What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against Germany? • Germany’s disregard for Belgian neutrality • Why did Italy switch sides? • Share of the Spoils, problem with Triple Alliance

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