Field Monitoring by Inspectors

1. Field Monitoring by Inspectors Brian Currier – CSUS OWP Mike Kashak – R8 Annalisa Kihara –SWRCB Course Outline • Introduction and Qualifications • Pre-Inspection Preparation • Site Compliance Evaluation • Field Monitoring by Inspectors • Inspection Insights • Compliance Inspection Reports and Data Management • Post-Inspection and Enforcement Activities • Case Studies

2. Monitoring Outline Summary of Discharger’s Requirements Monitoring Objectives and Options Typical Constituents Health and Safety Selection of Sampling Locations Field Equipment Calibration and Use of Sampling Equipment Sampling Technique and Recordkeeping Receiving Water Sampling Volume Estimation Field Monitoring by Inspectors

3. Summary of Monitoring Requirements Field Monitoring by Inspectors

4. Summary of LUP Monitoring Requirements Field Monitoring by Inspectors

5. Monitoring Objectives:Why Conduct Field Sampling? Identify problems with BMP performance or poor coverage of BMPs Gather evidence of a NAL exceedance or an ATS NEL violation Support enforcement actions Field Monitoring by Inspectors

6. Monitoring Options • Discharger-sampled • Discharger-analyzed without Water Board analysis • Inspector analyzes splits • Inspector-sampled and analyzed • Reasons for analysis by the inspector • Events that occur off-hours • Establish regulatory presence • Where extra documentation is needed for potential ACLs • Where discharger monitoring methods are questionable Field Monitoring by Inspectors

7. Constituents: pH • Measure of the acidity/basicity of water • Measured on a scale of 0 – 14 • Expressed in pH units • Receiving waters tend to be in the range of 5 – 9 • Field or Lab measurement Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH Field Monitoring by Inspectors

8. Constituents: Turbidity Reflected light: Light that is reflected off the exterior of the particle. • An expression of the optical properties of a liquid that causes light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through a sample • Expressed in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) • Field or Lab measurement Incident Light Beam Refracted light: Light that is absorbed and redirected according to the index of refraction of the particle Absorbed light: Light that is absorbed as heat. Adapted from Davies-Colley (1987) Source: Campbell and Mathews 2008 Field Monitoring by Inspectors

9. Constituents: Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) • Measure of the dry weight of all the sediment from a known volume of a water-sediment mixture • Typically expressed in milligrams of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture • Laboratory measurement, ASTM D3977-97 • TSS is not SSC • SSC uses full volume of sample which avoids bias toward smaller particulates • TSS measures the dry weight of sediment from a known volume of a subsample of the original • http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/TSS/glysson.pdf Field Monitoring by Inspectors

10. Constituents:Non-Visible Pollutants • Pollutants that would not be detected during visual inspections • Typically will require Lab measurement Table Source:Construction Storm Water Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document, SWQTF 2001 Field Monitoring by Inspectors

11. Health and Safety • See on-site health and safety plan for on-site issues • See regional procedures: • 4-hr training • Annual safety meeting • Health and Safety Plan may be needed for intensive monitoring effort • Preparation of Health and Safety Plans is not covered in this training • The inspector should refer to their office’s health and safety program policies and procedures Field Monitoring by Inspectors

12. Health and Safety (cont.) • The inspector must: • Understand and follow safety precautions, • Use proper safety equipment, and • Exercise good judgment when conducting field monitoring activities Field Monitoring by Inspectors

13. Selection of Sampling Locations • Consider sampling areas that may cause sediment, silt, and/or turbidity in storm water discharges: • Exposed soil areas with inadequate erosion control measures; • Areas of active grading; • Poorly stabilized slopes; • Lack of perimeter sediment controls; • Areas of concentrated flow on unprotected soils; • Poorly maintained erosion and sediment control measures; • Areas where sediment is tracked onto roads and paved surfaces Field Monitoring by Inspectors

14. Example of Sampling Locations Material Storage Area • Potential Monitoring Locations • Site runoff • Contained stormwater when released • Run-on locations • Non-visible pollutant monitoring Map Source M. Chase, 2010

15. Field Equipment • Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) as required by the inspector’s organization Health and Safety Plan • Latex gloves • Safety glasses • Hard hat and vest (per site requirements) • Proper shoes • Sample collection device(s) • Sample collection pole or rope • Dippers • Beakers • Sheet flow sampler Field Monitoring by Inspectors

16. Field Equipment (cont.) • Onsite testing equipment • Handheld pH meter • Handheld turbidity meter • Standard calibration solutions • Spare batteries • Other supplies • Plastic squirt bottle filled with distilled water for rinsing probes • Lab wipes for blotting probes dry between uses • 1-Gallon recloseable plastic bags Field Monitoring by Inspectors

17. Field Equipment (cont.) Laboratory analysis: Sampling jars and tubes (usually lab provided) Chain of Custody forms Ice chest Packaging tape Field Monitoring by Inspectors

18. Field Equipment (cont.) Field Monitoring by Inspectors

19. Calibration and Use of pH Meter • Proper calibration is required • pH measurements may be used for potential compliance or enforcement actions, • Calibration should be carefully documented in the inspector’s field log book • Calibrate prior to each daily use • Calibrating a pH probe typically requires three standard solutions of known pH: • Acidic pH=4, • Neutral pH=7, and • Basic pH=11 Field Monitoring by Inspectors

20. Calibration and Use of pH Meter (cont.) • Run the calibration program for the meter and follow the instructions to calibrate • Immerse the probe in a solution when prompted to by the program • Probe should be clean prior to calibration, and rinsed clean and blot dried between immersions into the calibration solutions • Measurements • Samples should be contained in a beaker or other approved sample container  • Place the pH probe in the sample, above the bottom and away from the sides of the beaker and take a reading • Probe should be rinsed and blot dried between measurements • Record the reading with information on the sample: date, time, and construction site Field Monitoring by Inspectors

21. Calibration and Use of Turbidity Meters • Inspectors should carefully follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the calibration and use of turbidity meters • Daily calibration prior to testing any site sample • Calibration typically uses a minimum of two standards • Ensure that the calibration standard vial is clean and free of scratches, moisture, lint, or fingerprints which could impact the reading Field Monitoring by Inspectors

22. Calibration and Use of Turbidity Meters (cont.) • Measurements • Handheld turbidity meters typically require filling a glass vial with a representative sample of the discharge • Make sure no bubbles are trapped in the sample vial and that the outside of the vial is completely clean, free of scratches, moisture, lint, or fingerprints which could impact the reading • Sample should be swirled prior to insertion into the meter so that it remains well mixed during the measurement • If the sample readings are outside of the calibration standard limits, recalibrate with a different standard Field Monitoring by Inspectors

23. Calibration and Use of Turbidity Meters (cont.) • Measurements • The sample vial should be rinsed between measurements and blot dried with lab wipes • A field blank and duplicate split should be created by filling the glass vial with distilled water after triple rinsing • Field blank measurements should be <0.1 NTU and • Conducted every 10 field measurements • The turbidity meter calibration should be re-checked for calibration drift, typically at the end of each day’s use • Inspector should always diligently record the results of any field blanks, calibration, duplicates, and standards measurements Field Monitoring by Inspectors

24. Calibration Demo Field Monitoring by Inspectors

25. Sampling Techniques: Grab Samples • Capture flow of runoff discharge • Small streams dip container into stream with opening facing upstream • Larger streams wade into flow, dip container into stream with opening facing upstream • Sampler must be downstream of container • Use pole-extension samplers if needed to sample from shore • Don’t dip containers with preservatives • Avoid ponded or sluggish water • Avoid sampling downstream of a bridge Field Monitoring by Inspectors

26. Sampling Techniques: Grab Samples (cont.) “A single sample collected at a particular time and place that represents the composition of the water, only at that time and place” (US EPA http://www.epa.gov/OCEPATERMS/gterms.html) Immerse the container beneath the water surface to a depth of 0.1 m (Typically in receiving waters; may not be appropriate for construction sites) Field Monitoring by Inspectors

27. Sampling Techniques: Grab Samples (cont.)Immersing Container Receiving Water Site Effluent Source: Mathews and Forrest 2002 Source: Steven Maricle, LWA Field Monitoring by Inspectors

28. Sampling Techniques: Grab Samples (cont.)SheetFlow Demonstration Field Monitoring by Inspectors

29. Recordkeeping Field Monitoring by Inspectors

30. Receiving Water Sampling • Not currently required of dischargers • May provide valuable data for more serious violations • May consult with Fish and Game for sensitive habitat, etc. • Affected and unaffected locations (e.g. upstream and downstream of discharge) • Issues to consider: • Tidal effects • Discharge to lakes • Control discharges (non-construction, background) • Visual observations and photos Field Monitoring by Inspectors

31. Volume EstimationIn The Field: Data Verification Drainage areas Percent imperviousness Field Monitoring by Inspectors

32. Volume EstimationIn The Office: Using the Rational Method • Q=CIA (volumetric rational method) • C is the runoff coefficient • I is the rainfall depth over a defined period (This is integrated intensity of the rational method q=CiA) • Potential challenges • Runoff coefficients developed for peak flow, not volumes • Runoff coefficients developed for flood-size events, not common-size events • Runoff coefficients vary with soil type and slope Field Monitoring by Inspectors

33. Volume EstimationIn The Office (cont.): Determining C, I, and A • Runoff Coefficient, C: • 2-yr, unimproved runoff coefficient ranges from 0.05 (Schueler/NURP) to 0.37 (City of Austin) • Schueler consider volumes, others consider flow • Use 0.05 for pervious areas, if uncertain • Impervious area increases the runoff coefficient • Use local 24-hr rain gauge data (for daily volume) • Calculate area based on field verification and current site conditions Field Monitoring by Inspectors

34. Volume EstimationIn The Office (cont.): Calculating a Weighted Runoff Coefficient Field Monitoring by Inspectors

35. Storm Water Sampling References • Caltrans Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Caltrans, July 2003) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/pdf/CTSW-RT-03-105.pdf or, • EPA NPDES Storm Water Sampling Guidance Document (EPA 833-B-92-001, 1992) http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0093.pdf • Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) 2008 Quality Assurance Program Plan (QAPrP) http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/tools.shtml#qa Field Monitoring by Inspectors

36. Storm Water Sampling References (cont.) Washington ECY: How To Do Stormwater Sampling https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/0210071.pdf Vermont Environmental Conservation: Monitoring of Turbidity in Stormwater Runoff From Construction Activities http://www.vtwaterquality.org/stormwater/docs/construction/sw_turbidity_monitoring_guidance.pdf Field Monitoring by Inspectors

37. Questions • Introduction and Qualifications • Pre-Inspection Preparation • Site Compliance Evaluation • Field Monitoring by Inspectors • Inspection Insights • Compliance Inspection Reports and Data Management • Post-Inspection and Enforcement Activities • Case Studies Field Monitoring by Inspectors

38. Meter Selection (Additional Material from CASQA QSD/P Training) Field Monitoring by Inspectors

39. Measurement Quality Objectives Source: SWAMP Quality Assurance Management Plan Field Monitoring by Inspectors

40. Meter Selection Factors • Meet measurement quality objectives • Ability to be calibrated • Rugged design • Field use • Long term storage • Ease of use and user friendly interface • Detailed operating manual with troubleshooting guide • Customer support • Cost • Likely will need more than one (backup) Field Monitoring by Inspectors

41. Turbidity Meters and Probes Sources: http://www.ierents.com http://www.fishersci.com http://www.hach.com/ http://www.globalw.com/ Field Monitoring by Inspectors

42. Turbidity Meter Calibration Source: SWAMP Quality Assurance Management Plan • Meters should be calibrated using standards close to the expected sample value • Two point calibration unless otherwise specified by manufacturer Field Monitoring by Inspectors

43. pH Meters, Probes, and Test Kits http://www.fishersci.com http://www.hach.com/ http://www.globalw.com/ Field Monitoring by Inspectors

44. pH Meter Calibration Source: SWAMP Quality Assurance Management Plan With care, pH can be accurately measured to the nearest 0.1 pH unit Field Monitoring by Inspectors

45. pH Test Kits • Based on the Phenol Red Method • Method is colorimetric • Check pH range • Kits typically have a limited pH range • Measurements outside the accepted range may differ by several pH units • Calibrate with manufacturer provided buffer solutions • Typical precision will vary by kit (e.g., +/- 0.1 pH units) Field Monitoring by Inspectors

46. Course Overview Introduction and Qualifications Pre-Inspection Preparation Construction Site Compliance Evaluation Field Monitoring at Construction Sites Compliance Inspection Reports Compliance Inspection Data Management Compliance Enforcement Activities Case Study Field Monitoring by Inspectors